postgresql/doc/src/sgml/sepgsql.sgml

<!-- doc/src/sgml/sepgsql.sgml -->

<sect1 id="sepgsql" xreflabel="sepgsql">
 <title>sepgsql</title>

 <indexterm zone="sepgsql">
  <primary>sepgsql</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  <filename>sepgsql</> is a loadable module which supports label-based
  mandatory access control (MAC) based on <productname>SELinux</> security
  policy.
 </para>

 <warning>
   <para>
     This implementation has signification limitations, and does not enforce
     mandatory access control for all actions.  See
     <xref linkend="sepgsql-limitations">.
   </para>
 </warning>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-overview">
  <title>Overview</title>

  <para>
   This module integrates with <productname>SELinux</> to provide an
   additional layer of security checking above and beyond what is normally
   provided by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.  From the perspective of
   <productname>SELinux</>, this module allows
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to function as a user-space object
   manager.  Each table or function access initiated by a DML query will be
   checked against the system security policy.  This check is an additional to
   the usual permissions checking performed by
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
  </para>

  <para>
   <productname>SELinux</productname> access control decisions are made using
   security labels, which are represented by strings such as
   <literal>system_u:object_r:sepgsql_table_t:s0</>.  Each access control
   decision involves two labels: the label of the subject attempting to
   perform the action, and the label of the object on which the operation is
   to be performed.  Since these labels can be applied to any sort of object,
   access control decisions for objects stored within the database can be
   (and, with this module, are) subjected to the same general criteria used
   for objects of any other type (e.g. files).  This design is intended to
   allow a centralized security policy to protect information assets
   independent of the particulars of how those assets are stored.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <xref linkend="sql-security-label"> statement allows assignment of
   a security label to a database object.
  </para>

 </sect2>
 <sect2 id="sepgsql-installation">
  <title>Installation</title>

  <para>
    This module can only be used on <productname>Linux</productname> 2.6.28
    or higher with <productname>SELinux</productname> enabled.  It is not
    available on any other platform, and must be explicitly enabled using
    <literal>--with-selinux</>.  You will also need <productname>libselinux</>
    2.0.93 or higher and <productname>selinux-policy</> 3.9.13 or higher
    (some distributions may backport the necessary rules into older policy
    versions).
  </para>

  <para>
   The <command>sestatus</> command allows you to check the status of
   <productname>SELinux</productname>.
<screen>
$ sestatus
SELinux status:                 enabled
SELinuxfs mount:                /selinux
Current mode:                   enforcing
Mode from config file:          enforcing
Policy version:                 24
Policy from config file:        targeted
</screen>
   If <productname>SELinux</> is disabled or not installed, you must set
   that product up first before installing this module.
  </para>

  <para>
   To use this module, you must add include <literal>sepgsql</>
   in <xref linkend="guc-shared-preload-libraries">.  The module will not
   function if loaded in any other manner.  Once the module is loaded, you
   should execute <filename>sepgsql.sql</filename> in each database.
   This will install functions needed for security label management, and
   assign initial security labels.
  </para>

  <para>
   The following instructions that assume your installation is under the
   <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</> directory and the database cluster is
   under the <filename>/path/to/database</> directory. Adjust the paths
   shown below as appropriate for your installation.
  </para>

<screen>
$ export PGDATA=/path/to/database
$ initdb
$ vi $PGDATA/postgresql.conf
$ for DBNAME in template0 template1 postgres; do
  postgres --single -F -O -c exit_on_error=true $DBNAME \
      &lt; /usr/local/pgsql/share/contrib/sepgsql.sql &gt; /dev/null
  done
</screen>

  <para>
   If the installation process completes without error, you can now start the
   server normally.
  </para>

  <para>
   Please note that you may see the following notifications depending on
   the combination of a particular version of <productname>libselinux</>
   and <productname>selinux-policy</>.
<screen>
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/sepgsql_contexts:  line 33 has invalid object type db_blobs
</screen>
   This message is harmless and may be safely ignored.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-regression">
  <title>Regression Tests</title>
  <para>
   Due to the nature of <productname>SELinux</productname>, running the
   regression tests for this module requires several additional configuration
   steps.
  </para>

  <para>
   First, set up <productname>sepgsql</productname> according to
   the <xref linkend="sepgsql-installation">.  The regression test is
   intended to be run on a system with a working SE-Linux implementation.
   The current operating system user must be able to connect to the database
   as superuser without authentication.
  </para>

  <para>
   Second, build and install the policy package for the regression test.
   The <filename>sepgsql-regtest.pp</> is a special purpose policy package
   which provides a set of rules to be allowed during the regression tests.
   It should be built from the policy source file
   (<filename>sepgsql-regtest.te</>), which is normally done using
   <command>make</command>.  You will need to locate the appropriate
   Makefile on your system; the path shown below is only an example.
   Once built, you can install this policy package using the
   <command>semodule</> command, which links supplied policy packages and
   loads them into the kernel space.  If this package is correctly installed,
   <literal><command>semodule</> -l</> should list sepgsql-regtest as an
   available policy package.
  </para>

<screen>
$ make -C ./contrib/sepgsql -f /usr/share/selinux/devel/Makefile
$ su
# semodule -u ./contrib/sepgsql/sepgsql-regtest.pp
# semodule -l
    :
sepgsql-regtest 1.03
    :
</screen>

  <para>
   Third, turn on <literal>sepgsql_regression_test_mode</>.
   We don't enable all the rules in the <filename>sepgsql-regtest.pp</>
   by default, for your system's safety.
   The <literal>sepgsql_regression_test_mode</literal> parameter is associated
   with rules to launch regression test.
   It can be turned on using <command>setsebool</> command.
  </para>

<screen>
$ su
# setsebool sepgsql_regression_test_mode on
# getsebool sepgsql_regression_test_mode
sepgsql_regression_test_mode --> on
</screen>

  <para>
   Last, kick the regression test from the <literal>unconfined_t</> domain.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <command>id</> command tells us the current working domain.
   Confirm your shell is now performing with the <literal>unconfined_t</>
   domain as follows.
  </para>
<screen>
$ id -Z
unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
</screen>

  <para>
   See <xref linkend="sepgsql-resources"> for details on adjusting your
   working domain, if necessary.
  </para>

  <para>
   If <command>pg_regress</> fails to launch the <command>psql</> command,
   you may need to ensure that the <command>psql</> command is labeled
   as <literal>bin_t</>.  If it is not, the <command>restorecon</> command can
   often be used to fix up security labels within the
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> installation directory.
  </para>

<screen>
$ restorecon -R /usr/local/pgsql/
</screen>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-parameters">
  <title>GUC Parameters</title>

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry id="guc-sepgsql-permissive" xreflabel="sepgsql.permissive">
    <term><varname>sepgsql.permissive</> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
    <indexterm>
     <primary><varname>sepgsql.permissive</> configuration parameter</primary>
    </indexterm>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      This parameter enables <productname>SE-PostgreSQL</> to function
      in permissive mode, regardless of the system setting.
      The default is off.
      This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
      file or on the server command line.
     </para>

     <para>
      When this parameter is on, <productname>SE-PostgreSQL</> functions
      in permissive mode, even if the platform system is working in enforcing
      mode.  This parameter is primarily useful for testing purposes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </varlistentry>
   <varlistentry id="guc-sepgsql-debug-audit" xreflabel="sepgsql.debug_audit">
    <term><varname>sepgsql.debug_audit</> (<type>boolean</>)</>
    <indexterm>
     <primary><varname>sepgsql.debug_audit</> configuration parameter</>
    </indexterm>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      This parameter enables the printing of audit messages independent from
      the policy setting.
      The default is off (according to the security policy setting).
     </para>

     <para>
      The security policy of <productname>SELinux</> also has rules to
      control whether or not particular accesses are logged.
      By default, access violations are logged, but allowed
      accesses are not.
     </para>

     <para>
      This parameter forces all possible logging to be turned on, regardless
      of the system policy.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-features">
  <title>Features</title>
  <sect3>
   <title>Controlled Object Classes</title>
   <para>
    The security model of <productname>SELinux</> describes all the access
    control rules as a relationship between a subject entity (typically,
    it is a client of database) and an object entity, each of which is
    identified by a security label.  If access to an unlabelled object is
    attempted, the object is treated as if it were assigned the label
    <literal>unlabeled_t</>.
   </para>

   <para>
    Currently, <productname>sepgsql</productname> allows security labels to be
    assigned to schemas, tables, columns, sequences, views, and functions.
    When <productname>sepgsql</productname> is in use, security labels are
    automatically assigned to supported database objects at creation time.
    This label is called as a default security label, being decided according
    to the system security policy, which takes as input the creator's label
    and the label assigned to the new object's parent object.
   </para>

   <para>
    A new database object basically inherits the security label of the parent
    object, except when the security policy has special rules known as
    type-transition rules, in which case a different label may be applied.
    For schemas, the parent object is the current database; for columns, it
    is the corresponding table; for tables, sequences, views, and functions,
    it is the containing schema.
   </para>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>DML Permissions</title>

   <para>
    For tables, <literal>db_table:select</>, <literal>db_table:insert</>,
    <literal>db_table:update</> or <literal>db_table:delete</> is
    checked for all the referenced target tables depending on the sort of
    statement;
    in addition, <literal>db_table:select</> is also checked for
    all the tables that contain the columns referenced in the
    <literal>WHERE</> or <literal>RETURNING</> clause, as a data source
    of <literal>UPDATE</>, and so on.
   </para>

   <para>
<synopsis>
UPDATE t1 SET x = 2, y = md5sum(y) WHERE z = 100;
</synopsis>

    In this case, we must have <literal>db_table:select</> in addition to
    <literal>db_table:update</>, because <literal>t1.a</> is referenced
    within the <literal>WHERE</> clause.  Column-level permissions will also be
    checked for each referenced column.
   </para>

   <para>
    The client must be allowed to access all referenced tables and
    columns, even if they originated from views which were then expanded,
    so that we apply consistent access control rules independent of the manner
    in which the table contents are referenced.
   </para>

   <para>
    For columns, <literal>db_column:select</> is checked on
    not only the columns being read using <literal>SELECT</>, but being
    referenced in other DML statements.
   </para>

   <para>
    Of course, it also checks <literal>db_column:update</> or
    <literal>db_column:insert</> on the column being modified by
    <literal>UPDATE</> or <literal>INSERT</>.
   </para>

   <para>
<synopsis>
UPDATE t1 SET x = 2, y = md5sum(y) WHERE z = 100;
</synopsis>
    In this case, it checks <literal>db_column:update</> on
    the <literal>t1.x</> being updated, <literal>db_column:{select update}</>
    on the <literal>t1.y</> being updated and referenced,
    and <literal>db_column:select</> on the <literal>t1.z</> being only
    referenced in the <literal>WHERE</> clause.
    <literal>db_table:{select update}</> will also be checked
    at the table level.
   </para>

   <para>
    For sequences, <literal>db_sequence:get_value</> is checked when we
    reference a sequence object using <literal>SELECT</>; however, note that we
    do not currently check permissions on execution of corresponding functions
    such as <literal>lastval()</>.
   </para>

   <para>
    For views, <literal>db_view:expand</> shall be checked, then any other
    corresponding permissions shall be also checked on the objects being
    expanded from the view, individually.
   </para>

   <para>
    For functions, <literal>db_procedure:{execute}</> is defined, but not
    checked in this version.
   </para>

   <para>
    The default database privilege system allows database superusers to
    modify system catalogs using DML commands, and reference or modify
    toast tables.  These operations are prohibited when
    <productname>sepgsql</> is enabled.
   </para>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>DDL Permissions</title>
   <para>
    On <xref linkend="sql-security-label"> command, <literal>setattr</> and
    <literal>relabelfrom</> shall be checked on the object being relabeled
    with an old security label, then <literal>relabelto</> on the supplied
    new security label.
   </para>

   <para>
    In the case where multiple label providers are installed and the user tries
    to set a security label, but is not managed by <productname>SELinux</>,
    only <literal>setattr</> should be checked here.
    This is currently not checked due to implementation restrictions.
   </para>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Trusted Procedure</title>
   <para>
    Trusted procedures are similar to security definer functions or set-uid
    commands. <productname>SELinux</> provides a feature to allow trusted
    code to run using a security label different from that of the client,
    generally for the purpose of providing highly controlled access to
    sensitive data (e.g. rows might be omitted, or the precision of stored
    values might be reduced).  Whether or not a function acts as a trusted
    procedure is controlled by its security label and the operating system
    security policy.  For example:
   </para>

<screen>
postgres=# CREATE TABLE customer (
               cid     int primary key,
               cname   text,
               credit  text
           );
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# SECURITY LABEL ON COLUMN customer.credit
               IS 'system_u:object_r:sepgsql_secret_table_t:s0';
SECURITY LABEL
postgres=# CREATE FUNCTION show_credit(int) RETURNS text
             AS 'SELECT regexp_replace(credit, ''-[0-9]+$'', ''-xxxx'', ''g'')
                        FROM customer WHERE cid = $1'
           LANGUAGE sql;
CREATE FUNCTION
postgres=# SECURITY LABEL ON FUNCTION show_credit(int)
               IS 'system_u:object_r:sepgsql_trusted_proc_exec_t:s0';
SECURITY LABEL
</screen>

   <para>
    The above operations should be performed by an administrative user.
   </para>

<screen>
postgres=# SELECT * FROM customer;
ERROR:  SELinux: security policy violation
postgres=# SELECT cid, cname, show_credit(cid) FROM customer;
 cid | cname  |     show_credit
-----+--------+---------------------
   1 | taro   | 1111-2222-3333-xxxx
   2 | hanako | 5555-6666-7777-xxxx
(2 rows)
</screen>

   <para>
    In this case, a regular user cannot reference <literal>customer.credit</>
    directly, but a trusted procedure <literal>show_credit</> enables us
    to print the credit card number of customers with some of the digits masked
    out.
   </para>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Miscellaneous</title>
   <para>
    We reject the <xref linkend="sql-load"> command across the board, because
    any module loaded could easily circumvent security policy enforcement.
   </para>

  </sect3>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-limitations">
  <title>Limitations</title>

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term>Userspace access vector cache</term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <productname>sepgsql</> does not yet support an access vector cache.
      This would likely improve performance.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term>Data Definition Language (DDL) Permissions</term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Due to implementation restrictions, DDL permissions are not checked.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term>Data Control Language (DCL) Permissions</term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Due to implementation restrictions, DCL permissions are not checked.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term>Row-level access control</term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> does not support row-level access; therefore,
      <productname>sepgsql</productname> does not support it either.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term>Covert channels</term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <productname>sepgsql</> never tries to hide existence of
      a certain object, even if the user is not allowed to the reference.
      For example, we can infer the existence of an invisible object as
      a result of primary key conflicts, foreign key violations, and so on,
      even if we cannot reference contents of these objects.  The existence
      of a top secret table cannot be hidden; we only hope to conceal its
      contents.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-resources">
  <title>External Resources</title>
  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><ulink url="http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/SEPostgreSQL">SE-PostgreSQL Introduction</ulink></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      This wiki page provides a brief-overview, security design, architecture,
      administration and upcoming features.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><ulink url="http://docs.fedoraproject.org/selinux-user-guide/">Fedora SELinux User Guide</ulink></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      This document provides a wide spectrum of knowledge to administer
      <productname>SELinux</> on your systems.
      It focuses primarily on Fedora, but is not limited to Fedora.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><ulink url="http://docs.fedoraproject.org/selinux-faq">Fedora SELinux FAQ</ulink></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      This document answers frequently asked questions about
      <productname>SELinux</productname>.
      It focuses primarily on Fedora, but is not limited to Fedora.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="sepgsql-author">
  <title>Author</title>
  <para>
   KaiGai Kohei <email>kaigai@ak.jp.nec.com</email>
  </para>
 </sect2>
</sect1>