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Amit Langote b7b27eb41a Optimize fast-path FK checks with batched index probes 
Instead of probing the PK index on each trigger invocation, buffer
FK rows in a new per-constraint cache entry (RI_FastPathEntry) and
flush them as a batch.

On each trigger invocation, the new ri_FastPathBatchAdd() buffers
the FK row in RI_FastPathEntry.  When the buffer fills (64 rows)
or the trigger-firing cycle ends, the new ri_FastPathBatchFlush()
probes the index for all buffered rows, sharing a single
CommandCounterIncrement, snapshot, permission check, and security
context switch across the batch, rather than repeating each per row
as the SPI path does.  Per-flush CCI is safe because all AFTER
triggers for the buffered rows have already fired by flush time.

For single-column foreign keys, the new ri_FastPathFlushArray()
builds an ArrayType from the buffered FK values (casting to the
PK-side type if needed) and constructs a scan key with the
SK_SEARCHARRAY flag.  The index AM sorts and deduplicates the array
internally, then walks matching leaf pages in one ordered traversal
instead of descending from the root once per row.  A matched[] bitmap
tracks which batch items were satisfied; the first unmatched item is
reported as a violation.  Multi-column foreign keys fall back to
per-row probing via the new ri_FastPathFlushLoop().

The fast path introduced in the previous commit (2da86c1ef9) yields
~1.8x speedup.  This commit adds ~1.6x on top of that, for a combined
~2.9x speedup over the unpatched code (int PK / int FK, 1M rows, PK
table and index cached in memory).

FK tuples are materialized via ExecCopySlotHeapTuple() into a new
purpose-specific memory context (flush_cxt), child of
TopTransactionContext, which is also used for per-flush transient
work: cast results, the search array, and index scan allocations.
It is reset after each flush and deleted in teardown.

The PK relation, index, tuple slots, and fast-path metadata are
cached in RI_FastPathEntry across trigger invocations within a
trigger-firing batch, avoiding repeated open/close overhead.  The
snapshot and IndexScanDesc are taken fresh per flush.  The entry is
not subject to cache invalidation: cached relations are held with
locks for the transaction duration, and the entry's lifetime is
bounded by the trigger-firing cycle.

Lifecycle management for RI_FastPathEntry relies on three new
mechanisms:

  - AfterTriggerBatchCallback: A new general-purpose callback
    mechanism in trigger.c.  Callbacks registered via
    RegisterAfterTriggerBatchCallback() fire at the end of each
    trigger-firing batch (AfterTriggerEndQuery for immediate
    constraints, AfterTriggerFireDeferred at COMMIT, and
    AfterTriggerSetState for SET CONSTRAINTS IMMEDIATE).  The RI
    code registers ri_FastPathEndBatch as a batch callback.

  - Batch callbacks only fire at the outermost query level
    (checked inside FireAfterTriggerBatchCallbacks), so nested
    queries from SPI inside other AFTER triggers do not tear down
    the cache mid-batch.

  - XactCallback: ri_FastPathXactCallback NULLs the static cache
    pointer at transaction end, handling the abort path where the
    batch callback never fired.

  - SubXactCallback: ri_FastPathSubXactCallback NULLs the static
    cache pointer on subtransaction abort, preventing the batch
    callback from accessing already-released resources.

  - AfterTriggerBatchIsActive(): A new exported accessor that
    returns true when afterTriggers.query_depth >= 0.  During
    ALTER TABLE ... ADD FOREIGN KEY validation, RI triggers are
    called directly outside the after-trigger framework, so batch
    callbacks would never fire.  The fast-path code uses this to
    fall back to the non-cached per-invocation path in that
    context.

ri_FastPathEndBatch() flushes any partial batch before tearing
down cached resources.  Since the FK relation may already be
closed by flush time (e.g. for deferred constraints at COMMIT),
it reopens the relation using entry->fk_relid if needed.

The existing ALTER TABLE validation path bypasses batching and
continues to call ri_FastPathCheck() directly per row, because
RI triggers are called outside the after-trigger framework there
and batch callbacks would never fire to flush the buffer.

Suggested-by: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
Author: Amit Langote <amitlangote09@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Junwang Zhao <zhjwpku@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Haibo Yan <tristan.yim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Chao Li <li.evan.chao@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Tomas Vondra <tomas@vondra.me>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+HiwqF4C0ws3cO+z5cLkPuvwnAwkSp7sfvgGj3yQ=Li6KNMqA@mail.gmail.com
2026-04-03 14:33:53 +09:00
.github Add CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md, CONTRIBUTING.md, and SECURITY.md. 2024-07-02 13:03:58 -05:00
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contrib Add UPDATE/DELETE FOR PORTION OF 2026-04-01 19:06:03 +02:00
doc Add additional jsonpath string methods 2026-04-02 15:19:49 -04:00
src Optimize fast-path FK checks with batched index probes 2026-04-03 14:33:53 +09:00
.cirrus.star ci: Simplify ci-os-only handling 2025-08-14 12:09:34 -04:00
.cirrus.tasks.yml Enable test_cplusplusext with MSVC 2026-04-01 07:48:47 +02:00
.cirrus.yml ci: Per-repo configuration for manually trigger tasks 2025-08-14 11:54:03 -04:00
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README.md

PostgreSQL Database Management System

This directory contains the source code distribution of the PostgreSQL database management system.

PostgreSQL is an advanced object-relational database management system that supports an extended subset of the SQL standard, including transactions, foreign keys, subqueries, triggers, user-defined types and functions. This distribution also contains C language bindings.

Copyright and license information can be found in the file COPYRIGHT.

General documentation about this version of PostgreSQL can be found at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/. In particular, information about building PostgreSQL from the source code can be found at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/installation.html.

The latest version of this software, and related software, may be obtained at https://www.postgresql.org/download/. For more information look at our web site located at https://www.postgresql.org/.