outside_network start.

git-svn-id: file:///svn/unbound/trunk@48 be551aaa-1e26-0410-a405-d3ace91eadb9
This commit is contained in:
Wouter Wijngaards 2007-01-31 15:38:44 +00:00
parent b48cc913ff
commit 57aef52d48
10 changed files with 519 additions and 13 deletions

View file

@ -300,6 +300,8 @@ AH_BOTTOM([
#include "ldns/ldns.h" #include "ldns/ldns.h"
/** default port to listen for queries, passed to getaddrinfo */
#define UNBOUND_DNS_PORT "53"
]) ])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile]) AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])

View file

@ -44,8 +44,6 @@
#include "util/log.h" #include "util/log.h"
#include "daemon/worker.h" #include "daemon/worker.h"
/** default port to listen for queries, passed to getaddrinfo */
#define UNBOUND_DNS_PORT "53"
/** buffer size for network connections */ /** buffer size for network connections */
#define BUFSZ 65552 #define BUFSZ 65552
@ -77,8 +75,12 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
{ {
struct worker* worker = NULL; struct worker* worker = NULL;
int do_ip4=1, do_ip6=1, do_udp=1, do_tcp=1; int do_ip4=1, do_ip6=1, do_udp=1, do_tcp=1;
size_t numports=3;
int baseport=10000;
const char* port = UNBOUND_DNS_PORT; const char* port = UNBOUND_DNS_PORT;
int c; int c;
const char* fwd = "127.0.0.1";
const char* fwdport = UNBOUND_DNS_PORT;
log_init(); log_init();
/* parse the options */ /* parse the options */
@ -88,6 +90,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
if(!atoi(optarg)) if(!atoi(optarg))
fatal_exit("invalid port '%s'", optarg); fatal_exit("invalid port '%s'", optarg);
port = optarg; port = optarg;
baseport = atoi(optarg)+2000;
verbose(VERB_ALGO, "using port: %s", port); verbose(VERB_ALGO, "using port: %s", port);
break; break;
case 'v': case 'v':
@ -109,10 +112,14 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
} }
/* setup */ /* setup */
worker = worker_init(port, do_ip4, do_ip6, do_udp, do_tcp, BUFSZ); worker = worker_init(port, do_ip4, do_ip6, do_udp, do_tcp, BUFSZ,
numports, baseport);
if(!worker) { if(!worker) {
fatal_exit("could not initialize"); fatal_exit("could not initialize");
} }
if(!worker_set_fwd(worker, fwd, fwdport)) {
fatal_exit("could set forwarder address");
}
/* drop user priviliges and chroot if needed */ /* drop user priviliges and chroot if needed */
log_info("Start of %s.", PACKAGE_STRING); log_info("Start of %s.", PACKAGE_STRING);

View file

@ -44,12 +44,23 @@
#include "daemon/worker.h" #include "daemon/worker.h"
#include "util/netevent.h" #include "util/netevent.h"
#include "services/listen_dnsport.h" #include "services/listen_dnsport.h"
#include "services/outside_network.h"
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
# include <sys/types.h>
#endif
#include <netdb.h>
#include <errno.h>
/** timeout in seconds for UDP queries to auth servers. TODO: proper rtt */
#define UDP_QUERY_TIMEOUT 5
/** process incoming request */ /** process incoming request */
static void worker_process_query(struct worker* worker) static void worker_process_query(struct worker* worker)
{ {
/* query the forwarding address */ /* query the forwarding address */
pending_udp_query(worker->back, worker->query_reply.c->buffer,
&worker->fwd_addr, worker->fwd_addrlen, UDP_QUERY_TIMEOUT);
} }
/** check request sanity. Returns error code, 0 OK, or -1 discard. /** check request sanity. Returns error code, 0 OK, or -1 discard.
@ -124,7 +135,8 @@ static int worker_handle_request(struct comm_point* c, void* arg, int error,
} }
struct worker* worker_init(const char* port, int do_ip4, int do_ip6, struct worker* worker_init(const char* port, int do_ip4, int do_ip6,
int do_udp, int do_tcp, size_t buffer_size) int do_udp, int do_tcp, size_t buffer_size, size_t numports,
int base_port)
{ {
struct worker* worker = (struct worker*)calloc(1, struct worker* worker = (struct worker*)calloc(1,
sizeof(struct worker)); sizeof(struct worker));
@ -143,10 +155,22 @@ struct worker* worker_init(const char* port, int do_ip4, int do_ip6,
log_err("could not create listening sockets"); log_err("could not create listening sockets");
return NULL; return NULL;
} }
worker->back = outside_network_create(worker->base,
buffer_size, numports, NULL, 0, do_ip4, do_ip6, base_port);
if(!worker->back) {
comm_base_delete(worker->base);
log_err("could not create outgoing sockets");
return NULL;
}
/* init random(), large table size. */
if(!initstate(time(NULL)^getpid(), worker->rndstate, RND_STATE_SIZE)) {
log_err("could not init random numbers.");
comm_base_delete(worker->base);
return NULL;
}
return worker; return worker;
} }
void worker_work(struct worker* worker) void worker_work(struct worker* worker)
{ {
comm_base_dispatch(worker->base); comm_base_dispatch(worker->base);
@ -157,6 +181,26 @@ void worker_delete(struct worker* worker)
if(!worker) if(!worker)
return; return;
listen_delete(worker->front); listen_delete(worker->front);
outside_network_delete(worker->back);
comm_base_delete(worker->base); comm_base_delete(worker->base);
free(worker); free(worker);
} }
int worker_set_fwd(struct worker* worker, const char* ip, const char* port)
{
struct addrinfo *res = NULL;
int r;
log_assert(worker && ip);
if(!port)
port = UNBOUND_DNS_PORT;
if((r=getaddrinfo(ip, port, NULL, &res)) != 0 || !res) {
log_err("failed %s:%s getaddrinfo: %s %s",
ip, port,
gai_strerror(r), r==EAI_SYSTEM?strerror(errno):"");
return 0;
}
worker->fwd_addrlen = res->ai_addrlen;
memcpy(&worker->fwd_addr, &res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
freeaddrinfo(res);
return 1;
}

View file

@ -46,6 +46,10 @@
#include "config.h" #include "config.h"
#include "util/netevent.h" #include "util/netevent.h"
struct listen_dnsport; struct listen_dnsport;
struct outside_network;
/** size of table used for random numbers. large to be more secure. */
#define RND_STATE_SIZE 256
/** /**
* Structure holding working information for unbound. * Structure holding working information for unbound.
@ -58,11 +62,23 @@ struct worker {
/** the frontside listening interface where request events come in */ /** the frontside listening interface where request events come in */
struct listen_dnsport* front; struct listen_dnsport* front;
/** the backside outside network interface to the auth servers */
struct outside_network* back;
/** our one and only query, packet buffer and where to send. */ /** our one and only query, packet buffer and where to send. */
struct comm_reply query_reply; struct comm_reply query_reply;
/** number of requests currently active */ /** number of requests currently active */
int num_requests; int num_requests;
/** random() table for this worker. */
char rndstate[RND_STATE_SIZE];
/** address to forward to */
struct sockaddr_storage fwd_addr;
/** length of fwd_addr */
socklen_t fwd_addrlen;
}; };
/** /**
@ -74,10 +90,13 @@ struct worker {
* @param do_udp: listen to udp queries. * @param do_udp: listen to udp queries.
* @param do_tcp: listen to tcp queries. * @param do_tcp: listen to tcp queries.
* @param buffer_size: size of datagram buffer. * @param buffer_size: size of datagram buffer.
* @param numports: number of outgoing ports.
* @param base_port: -1 or specify base of outgoing port range.
* @return: The worker, or NULL on error. * @return: The worker, or NULL on error.
*/ */
struct worker* worker_init(const char* port, int do_ip4, int do_ip6, struct worker* worker_init(const char* port, int do_ip4, int do_ip6,
int do_udp, int do_tcp, size_t buffer_size); int do_udp, int do_tcp, size_t buffer_size, size_t numports,
int base_port);
/** /**
* Make worker work. * Make worker work.
@ -89,4 +108,13 @@ void worker_work(struct worker* worker);
*/ */
void worker_delete(struct worker* worker); void worker_delete(struct worker* worker);
/**
* Set forwarder
* @param worker: the worker to modify.
* @param ip: the server name.
* @param port: port on server or NULL for default 53.
* @return: false on error.
*/
int worker_set_fwd(struct worker* worker, const char* ip, const char* port);
#endif /* DAEMON_WORKER_H */ #endif /* DAEMON_WORKER_H */

View file

@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
- netevent communication reply storage structure. - netevent communication reply storage structure.
- minimal query header sanity checking for worker. - minimal query header sanity checking for worker.
- copied over rbtree implementation from NSD (BSD licensed too). - copied over rbtree implementation from NSD (BSD licensed too).
- outgoing network query service work.
30 January 2007: Wouter 30 January 2007: Wouter
- links in example/ldns-testpkts.c and .h for premade packet support. - links in example/ldns-testpkts.c and .h for premade packet support.

View file

@ -79,12 +79,7 @@ verbose_print_addr(struct addrinfo *addr)
} }
} }
/** int
* Create and bind UDP socket
* @param addr: address info ready to make socket.
* @return: the socket. -1 on error.
*/
static int
create_udp_sock(struct addrinfo *addr) create_udp_sock(struct addrinfo *addr)
{ {
int s, flag; int s, flag;

View file

@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
#include "config.h" #include "config.h"
#include "util/netevent.h" #include "util/netevent.h"
struct listen_list; struct listen_list;
struct addrinfo;
/** /**
* Listening for queries structure. * Listening for queries structure.
@ -101,4 +102,13 @@ struct listen_dnsport* listen_create(struct comm_base* base,
*/ */
void listen_delete(struct listen_dnsport* listen); void listen_delete(struct listen_dnsport* listen);
/**
* Create and bind nonblocking UDP socket
* @param addr: address info ready to make socket.
* @return: the socket. -1 on error.
*/
int create_udp_sock(struct addrinfo *addr);
#endif /* LISTEN_DNSPORT_H */ #endif /* LISTEN_DNSPORT_H */

267
services/outside_network.c Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
/*
* services/outside_network.c - implement sending of queries and wait answer.
*
* Copyright (c) 2007, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
*
* This software is open source.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
* be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
* TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
/**
* \file
*
* This file has functions to send queries to authoritative servers and
* wait for the pending answer events.
*/
#include "services/outside_network.h"
#include "services/listen_dnsport.h"
#include "util/netevent.h"
#include "util/log.h"
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
# include <sys/types.h>
#endif
#include <netdb.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
/** compare function of pending rbtree */
static int pending_cmp(const void* key1, const void* key2)
{
struct pending *p1 = (struct pending*)key1;
struct pending *p2 = (struct pending*)key2;
if(p1->id < p2->id)
return -1;
if(p1->id > p2->id)
return 1;
log_assert(p1->id == p2->id);
if(p1->addrlen < p2->addrlen)
return -1;
if(p1->addrlen > p2->addrlen)
return 1;
log_assert(p1->addrlen == p2->addrlen);
return memcmp(&p1->addr, &p2->addr, p1->addrlen);
}
/** compare function of pending_timeout rbtree */
static int pending_timeout_cmp(const void* key1, const void* key2)
{
struct pending_timeout *p1 = (struct pending_timeout*)key1;
struct pending_timeout *p2 = (struct pending_timeout*)key2;
if(p1->timeout.tv_sec < p2->timeout.tv_sec)
return -1;
if(p1->timeout.tv_sec > p2->timeout.tv_sec)
return 1;
log_assert(p1->timeout.tv_sec == p2->timeout.tv_sec);
if(p1->timeout.tv_usec < p2->timeout.tv_usec)
return -1;
if(p1->timeout.tv_usec > p2->timeout.tv_usec)
return 1;
log_assert(p1->timeout.tv_usec == p2->timeout.tv_usec);
if(p1 < p2)
return -1;
if(p1 > p2)
return 1;
return 0;
}
/** callback for incoming udp answers from the network. */
static int outnet_udp_cb(struct comm_point* c, void* my_arg, int error,
struct comm_reply *reply_info)
{
log_info("answer cb");
return 0;
}
/** open another udp port to listen to, every thread has its own range
* of open ports.
* @param ifname: on which interface to open the port.
* @param hints: hints on family and passiveness preset.
* @param porthint: if not -1, it gives the port to base range on.
* @return: file descriptor
*/
static int open_udp_port_range(const char* ifname, struct addrinfo* hints,
int porthint)
{
struct addrinfo *res = NULL;
int r, s;
char portstr[20];
if(porthint != -1)
snprintf(portstr, sizeof(portstr), "%d", porthint);
if((r=getaddrinfo(ifname, ((porthint==-1)?NULL:portstr), hints,
&res)) != 0 || !res) {
log_err("node %s:%s getaddrinfo: %s %s",
ifname?ifname:"default", (porthint!=-1)?portstr:"eph",
gai_strerror(r), r==EAI_SYSTEM?strerror(errno):"");
return -1;
}
s = create_udp_sock(res);
freeaddrinfo(res);
return s;
}
/**
* Create range of UDP ports on the given interface.
*/
static int
make_udp_range(struct outside_network* outnet, const char* ifname,
size_t num_ports, size_t off, int do_ip4, int do_ip6, int porthint)
{
size_t i;
struct addrinfo hints;
memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
if(ifname)
hints.ai_flags |= AI_NUMERICHOST;
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
if(do_ip4 && do_ip6)
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
else if(do_ip4)
hints.ai_family = AF_INET;
else if(do_ip6)
hints.ai_family = AF_INET6;
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;
for(i=0; i<num_ports; i++) {
int fd = open_udp_port_range(ifname, &hints, porthint);
if(fd == -1) {
return 0;
}
if(porthint != -1)
porthint++;
outnet->udp_ports[i+off] = comm_point_create_udp(
outnet->base, fd, outnet->udp_buff, outnet_udp_cb,
outnet);
if(!outnet->udp_ports[i+off]) {
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
struct outside_network*
outside_network_create(struct comm_base *base, size_t bufsize,
size_t num_ports, const char** ifs, int num_ifs, int do_ip4,
int do_ip6, int port_base)
{
struct outside_network* outnet = (struct outside_network*)
calloc(1, sizeof(struct outside_network));
int k;
if(!outnet) {
log_err("malloc failed");
return NULL;
}
outnet->base = base;
outnet->num_udp = (num_ifs?num_ports * num_ifs:num_ports);
if( !(outnet->udp_buff = ldns_buffer_new(bufsize)) ||
!(outnet->udp_ports = (struct comm_point **)calloc(
outnet->num_udp, sizeof(struct comm_point*))) ||
!(outnet->pending = rbtree_create(pending_cmp)) ||
!(outnet->pending_timeout = rbtree_create(
pending_timeout_cmp))) {
log_err("malloc failed");
outside_network_delete(outnet);
return NULL;
}
if(num_ifs == 0) {
if(!make_udp_range(outnet, NULL, num_ports, 0, do_ip4,
do_ip6, port_base)) {
outside_network_delete(outnet);
return NULL;
}
}
else for(k=0; k<num_ifs; k++) {
if(!make_udp_range(outnet, ifs[k], num_ports, k*num_ports,
do_ip4, do_ip6, port_base)) {
outside_network_delete(outnet);
return NULL;
}
}
return outnet;
}
void outside_network_delete(struct outside_network* outnet)
{
if(!outnet)
return;
/* check every element, since we can be called on malloc error */
if(outnet->pending) {
struct pending *p, *np;
p = (struct pending*)rbtree_first(outnet->pending);
while(p) {
np = (struct pending*)rbtree_next((rbnode_t*)p);
pending_delete(NULL, p);
p = np;
}
free(outnet->pending);
}
if(outnet->pending_timeout) {
log_assert(outnet->pending_timeout->count == 0);
free(outnet->pending_timeout);
}
if(outnet->udp_buff)
ldns_buffer_free(outnet->udp_buff);
if(outnet->udp_ports) {
size_t i;
for(i=0; i<outnet->num_udp; i++) {
if(outnet->udp_ports[i])
comm_point_delete(outnet->udp_ports[i]);
}
free(outnet->udp_ports);
}
free(outnet);
}
void pending_delete(struct outside_network* outnet, struct pending* p)
{
if(!p)
return;
if(outnet) {
(void)rbtree_delete(outnet->pending, p->node.key);
(void)rbtree_delete(outnet->pending_timeout,
p->timeout->node.key);
}
free(p->timeout);
free(p);
}
void pending_udp_query(struct outside_network* outnet, ldns_buffer* packet,
struct sockaddr_storage* addr, socklen_t addrlen, int timeout)
{
/* choose a random outgoing port and interface */
/* uses lousy random() function. TODO: entropy source. */
double precho = (double)random() * (double)outnet->num_udp /
((double)RAND_MAX + 1.0);
int chosen = (int)precho;
/* don't trust in perfect double rounding */
if(chosen < 0) chosen = 0;
if(chosen >= (int)outnet->num_udp) chosen = (int)outnet->num_udp-1;
}

151
services/outside_network.h Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
/*
* services/outside_network.h - listen to answers from the network
*
* Copyright (c) 2007, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
*
* This software is open source.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
* be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
* TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
/**
* \file
*
* This file has functions to send queries to authoritative servers,
* and wait for the pending answer, with timeouts.
*/
#ifndef OUTSIDE_NETWORK_H
#define OUTSIDE_NETWORK_H
#include "config.h"
#include "util/rbtree.h"
struct pending;
struct pending_timeout;
struct comm_point;
struct comm_base;
/**
* Send queries to outside servers and wait for answers from servers.
* Contains answer-listen sockets.
*/
struct outside_network {
/** Base for select calls */
struct comm_base* base;
/** buffer shared by UDP connections, since there is only one
datagram at any time. */
ldns_buffer* udp_buff;
/**
* Array of udp comm point* that are used to listen to pending events.
* Each is on a different port.
*/
struct comm_point **udp_ports;
/** number of udp ports */
size_t num_udp;
/** pending answers. sorted by id, addr */
rbtree_t *pending;
/** Each pending answer has a timeout, sorted by timeout. */
rbtree_t *pending_timeout;
};
/**
* A query that has an answer pending for it.
*/
struct pending {
/** redblacktree entry, key is the pending struct(id, addr). */
rbnode_t node;
/** the ID for the query */
uint16_t id;
/** remote address. */
struct sockaddr_storage addr;
/** length of addr field in use. */
socklen_t addrlen;
/** comm point it was sent on (and reply must come back on). */
struct comm_point* c;
/** the timeout of the query */
struct pending_timeout *timeout;
};
/**
* Timeout structure for pending queries
*/
struct pending_timeout {
/** entry in rbtree. key is timeout value, then pending ptr(uniq). */
rbnode_t node;
/** timeout, an absolute time value. */
struct timeval timeout;
/** pending query */
struct pending* pending;
};
/**
* Create outside_network structure with N udp ports.
* @param base: the communication base to use for event handling.
* @param bufsize: size for network buffers.
* @param num_ports: number of udp ports to open per interface.
* @param ifs: interface names (or NULL for default interface).
* @param num_ifs: number of names in array ifs.
* @param do_ip4: service IP4.
* @param do_ip6: service IP6.
* @param port_base: if -1 system assigns ports, otherwise try to get
* the ports numbered from this starting number.
* @return: the new empty structure or NULL on error.
*/
struct outside_network* outside_network_create(struct comm_base *base,
size_t bufsize, size_t num_ports, const char** ifs, int num_ifs,
int do_ip4, int do_ip6, int port_base);
/**
* Delete outside_network structure.
* @param outnet: object to delete.
*/
void outside_network_delete(struct outside_network* outnet);
/**
* Send UDP query, create pending answer.
* @param outnet: provides the event handling
* @param packet: wireformat query to send to destination.
* @param addr: address to send to.
* @param addrlen: length of addr.
* @param timeout: in seconds from now.
*/
void pending_udp_query(struct outside_network* outnet, ldns_buffer* packet,
struct sockaddr_storage* addr, socklen_t addrlen, int timeout);
/**
* Delete pending answer.
* @param outnet: outside network the pending query is part of.
* Used internal, if NULL, p is not unlinked from rbtree.
* @param p: deleted
*/
void pending_delete(struct outside_network* outnet, struct pending* p);
#endif /* OUTSIDE_NETWORK_H */

View file

@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
*/ */
/** /**
* \file
* Red black tree. Implementation taken from NSD 3.0.5, adjusted for use * Red black tree. Implementation taken from NSD 3.0.5, adjusted for use
* in unbound (memory allocation, logging and so on). * in unbound (memory allocation, logging and so on).
*/ */