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 <sect1 id="release-9-1-4">
  <title>Release 9.1.4</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-06-04</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.3.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.4</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you use the <type>citext</> data type, and you upgraded
    from a previous major release by running <application>pg_upgrade</>,
    you should run <literal>CREATE EXTENSION citext FROM unpackaged</>
    to avoid collation-related failures in <type>citext</> operations.
    The same is necessary if you restore a dump from a pre-9.1 database
    that contains an instance of the <type>citext</> data type.
    If you've already run the <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> command before
    upgrading to 9.1.4, you will instead need to do manual catalog updates
    as explained in the third changelog item below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.2,
    see the release notes for 9.1.2.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect password transformation in
      <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>'s DES <function>crypt()</> function
      (Solar Designer)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a password string contained the byte value <literal>0x80</>, the
      remainder of the password was ignored, causing the password to be much
      weaker than it appeared.  With this fix, the rest of the string is
      properly included in the DES hash.  Any stored password values that are
      affected by this bug will thus no longer match, so the stored values may
      need to be updated.  (CVE-2012-2143)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> and <literal>SET</> attributes for
      a procedural language's call handler (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Applying such attributes to a call handler could crash the server.
      (CVE-2012-2655)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <filename>contrib/citext</>'s upgrade script fix collations of
      <type>citext</> arrays and domains over <type>citext</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Release 9.1.2 provided a fix for collations of <type>citext</> columns
      and indexes in databases upgraded or reloaded from pre-9.1
      installations, but that fix was incomplete: it neglected to handle arrays
      and domains over <type>citext</>.  This release extends the module's
      upgrade script to handle these cases.  As before, if you have already
      run the upgrade script, you'll need to run the collation update
      commands by hand instead.  See the 9.1.2 release notes for more
      information about doing this.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow numeric timezone offsets in <type>timestamp</> input to be up to
      16 hours away from UTC (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some historical time zones have offsets larger than 15 hours, the
      previous limit.  This could result in dumped data values being rejected
      during reload.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix timestamp conversion to cope when the given time is exactly the
      last DST transition time for the current timezone (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight has been there a long time, but was not noticed
      previously because most DST-using zones are presumed to have an
      indefinite sequence of future DST transitions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <type>text</> to <type>name</> and <type>char</> to <type>name</>
      casts to perform string truncation correctly in multibyte encodings
      (Karl Schnaitter)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory copying bug in <function>to_tsquery()</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure <function>txid_current()</> reports the correct epoch when
      executed in hot standby (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's handling of outer PlaceHolderVars within subqueries (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug concerns sub-SELECTs that reference variables coming from the
      nullable side of an outer join of the surrounding query.
      In 9.1, queries affected by this bug would fail with <quote>ERROR:
      Upper-level PlaceHolderVar found where not expected</>.  But in 9.0 and
      8.4, you'd silently get possibly-wrong answers, since the value
      transmitted into the subquery wouldn't go to null when it should.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of <literal>UNION ALL</> subqueries with output columns
      that are not simple variables (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Planning of such cases got noticeably worse in 9.1 as a result of a
      misguided fix for <quote>MergeAppend child's targetlist doesn't match
      MergeAppend</> errors.  Revert that fix and do it another way.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix slow session startup when <structname>pg_attribute</> is very large
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If <structname>pg_attribute</> exceeds one-fourth of
      <varname>shared_buffers</>, cache rebuilding code that is sometimes
      needed during session start would trigger the synchronized-scan logic,
      causing it to take many times longer than normal.  The problem was
      particularly acute if many new sessions were starting at once.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure sequential scans check for query cancel reasonably often (Merlin
      Moncure)
     </para>

     <para>
      A scan encountering many consecutive pages that contain no live tuples
      would not respond to interrupts meanwhile.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure the Windows implementation of <function>PGSemaphoreLock()</>
      clears <varname>ImmediateInterruptOK</> before returning (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight meant that a query-cancel interrupt received later
      in the same query could be accepted at an unsafe time, with
      unpredictable but not good consequences.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Show whole-row variables safely when printing views or rules
      (Abbas Butt, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Corner cases involving ambiguous names (that is, the name could be
      either a table or column name of the query) were printed in an
      ambiguous way, risking that the view or rule would be interpreted
      differently after dump and reload.  Avoid the ambiguous case by
      attaching a no-op cast.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>COPY FROM</> to properly handle null marker strings that
      correspond to invalid encoding (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A null marker string such as <literal>E'\\0'</> should work, and did
      work in the past, but the case got broken in 8.4.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>EXPLAIN VERBOSE</> for writable CTEs containing
      <literal>RETURNING</> clauses (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> to work correctly in the presence
      of advisory locks (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Historically, <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> has simply ignored any
      session-level advisory locks the session holds, but this case was
      accidentally broken in 9.1.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix truncation of unlogged tables (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore missing schemas during non-interactive assignments of
      <varname>search_path</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This re-aligns 9.1's behavior with that of older branches.  Previously
      9.1 would throw an error for nonexistent schemas mentioned in
      <varname>search_path</> settings obtained from places such as
      <command>ALTER DATABASE SET</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs with temporary or transient tables used in extension scripts
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This includes cases such as a rewriting <command>ALTER TABLE</> within
      an extension update script, since that uses a transient table behind
      the scenes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure autovacuum worker processes perform stack depth checking
      properly (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, infinite recursion in a function invoked by
      auto-<command>ANALYZE</> could crash worker processes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logging collector to not lose log coherency under high load (Andrew
      Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      The collector previously could fail to reassemble large messages if it
      got too busy.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logging collector to ensure it will restart file rotation
      after receiving <systemitem>SIGHUP</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>too many LWLocks taken</> failure in GiST indexes (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix WAL replay logic for GIN indexes to not fail if the index was
      subsequently dropped (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly detect SSI conflicts of prepared transactions after a crash
      (Dan Ports)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid synchronous replication delay when committing a transaction that
      only modified temporary tables (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      In such a case the transaction's commit record need not be flushed to
      standby servers, but some of the code didn't know that and waited for
      it to happen anyway.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error handling in <application>pg_basebackup</>
      (Thomas Ogrisegg, Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>walsender</> to not go into a busy loop if connection
      is terminated (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak in PL/pgSQL's <command>RETURN NEXT</> command (Joe
      Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PL/pgSQL's <command>GET DIAGNOSTICS</> command when the target
      is the function's first variable (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that PL/Perl package-qualifies the <varname>_TD</> variable
      (Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug caused trigger invocations to fail when they are nested
      within a function invocation that changes the current package.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PL/Python functions returning composite types to accept a string
      for their result value (Jan Urbanski)
     </para>

     <para>
      This case was accidentally broken by the 9.1 additions to allow a
      composite result value to be supplied in other formats, such as
      dictionaries.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential access off the end of memory in <application>psql</>'s
      expanded display (<command>\x</>) mode (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix several performance problems in <application>pg_dump</> when
      the database contains many objects (Jeff Janes, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> could get very slow if the database contained
      many schemas, or if many objects are in dependency loops, or if there
      are many owned sequences.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory and file descriptor leaks in <application>pg_restore</>
      when reading a directory-format archive (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</> for the case that a database stored in a
      non-default tablespace contains a table in the cluster's default
      tablespace (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>ecpg</>, fix rare memory leaks and possible overwrite
      of one byte after the <structname>sqlca_t</> structure (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/dblink</>'s <function>dblink_exec()</> to not leak
      temporary database connections upon error (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/dblink</> to report the correct connection name in
      error messages (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/vacuumlo</> to use multiple transactions when
      dropping many large objects (Tim Lewis, Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change avoids exceeding <varname>max_locks_per_transaction</> when
      many objects need to be dropped.  The behavior can be adjusted with the
      new <literal>-l</> (limit) option.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2012c
      for DST law changes in Antarctica, Armenia, Chile, Cuba, Falkland
      Islands, Gaza, Haiti, Hebron, Morocco, Syria, and Tokelau Islands;
      also historical corrections for Canada.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-3">
  <title>Release 9.1.3</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-02-27</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.2.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.3</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.2,
    see the release notes for 9.1.2.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Require execute permission on the trigger function for
      <command>CREATE TRIGGER</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This missing check could allow another user to execute a trigger
      function with forged input data, by installing it on a table he owns.
      This is only of significance for trigger functions marked
      <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</>, since otherwise trigger functions run
      as the table owner anyway.  (CVE-2012-0866)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove arbitrary limitation on length of common name in SSL
      certificates (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Both <application>libpq</> and the server truncated the common name
      extracted from an SSL certificate at 32 bytes.  Normally this would
      cause nothing worse than an unexpected verification failure, but there
      are some rather-implausible scenarios in which it might allow one
      certificate holder to impersonate another.  The victim would have to
      have a common name exactly 32 bytes long, and the attacker would have
      to persuade a trusted CA to issue a certificate in which the common
      name has that string as a prefix.  Impersonating a server would also
      require some additional exploit to redirect client connections.
      (CVE-2012-0867)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Convert newlines to spaces in names written in <application>pg_dump</>
      comments (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> was incautious about sanitizing object names
      that are emitted within SQL comments in its output script.  A name
      containing a newline would at least render the script syntactically
      incorrect.  Maliciously crafted object names could present a SQL
      injection risk when the script is reloaded.  (CVE-2012-0868)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix btree index corruption from insertions concurrent with vacuuming
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      An index page split caused by an insertion could sometimes cause a
      concurrently-running <command>VACUUM</> to miss removing index entries
      that it should remove.  After the corresponding table rows are removed,
      the dangling index entries would cause errors (such as <quote>could not
      read block N in file ...</>) or worse, silently wrong query results
      after unrelated rows are re-inserted at the now-free table locations.
      This bug has been present since release 8.2, but occurs so infrequently
      that it was not diagnosed until now.  If you have reason to suspect
      that it has happened in your database, reindexing the affected index
      will fix things.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix transient zeroing of shared buffers during WAL replay (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The replay logic would sometimes zero and refill a shared buffer, so
      that the contents were transiently invalid.  In hot standby mode this
      can result in a query that's executing in parallel seeing garbage data.
      Various symptoms could result from that, but the most common one seems
      to be <quote>invalid memory alloc request size</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix handling of data-modifying <literal>WITH</> subplans in
      <literal>READ COMMITTED</> rechecking (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A <literal>WITH</> clause containing
      <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</> would crash
      if the parent <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> command needed
      to be re-evaluated at one or more rows due to concurrent updates
      in <literal>READ COMMITTED</> mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix corner case in SSI transaction cleanup
      (Dan Ports)
     </para>

     <para>
      When finishing up a read-write serializable transaction,
      a crash could occur if all remaining active serializable transactions
      are read-only.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix postmaster to attempt restart after a hot-standby crash (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A logic error caused the postmaster to terminate, rather than attempt
      to restart the cluster, if any backend process crashed while operating
      in hot standby mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>CLUSTER</>/<command>VACUUM FULL</> handling of toast
      values owned by recently-updated rows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could lead to <quote>duplicate key value violates unique
      constraint</> errors being reported against the toast table's index
      during one of these commands.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update per-column permissions, not only per-table permissions, when
      changing table owner (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Failure to do this meant that any previously granted column permissions
      were still shown as having been granted by the old owner.  This meant
      that neither the new owner nor a superuser could revoke the
      now-untraceable-to-table-owner permissions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support foreign data wrappers and foreign servers in
      <command>REASSIGN OWNED</> (Alvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      This command failed with <quote>unexpected classid</> errors if
      it needed to change the ownership of any such objects.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow non-existent values for some settings in <command>ALTER
      USER/DATABASE SET</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Allow <varname>default_text_search_config</>,
      <varname>default_tablespace</>, and <varname>temp_tablespaces</> to be
      set to names that are not known.  This is because they might be known
      in another database where the setting is intended to be used, or for the
      tablespace cases because the tablespace might not be created yet.  The
      same issue was previously recognized for <varname>search_path</>, and
      these settings now act like that one.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>unsupported node type</> error caused by <literal>COLLATE</>
      in an <command>INSERT</> expression (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid crashing when we have problems deleting table files post-commit
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Dropping a table should lead to deleting the underlying disk files only
      after the transaction commits.  In event of failure then (for instance,
      because of wrong file permissions) the code is supposed to just emit a
      warning message and go on, since it's too late to abort the
      transaction.  This logic got broken as of release 8.4, causing such
      situations to result in a PANIC and an unrestartable database.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Recover from errors occurring during WAL replay of <command>DROP
      TABLESPACE</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Replay will attempt to remove the tablespace's directories, but there
      are various reasons why this might fail (for example, incorrect
      ownership or permissions on those directories).  Formerly the replay
      code would panic, rendering the database unrestartable without manual
      intervention.  It seems better to log the problem and continue, since
      the only consequence of failure to remove the directories is some
      wasted disk space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition in logging AccessExclusiveLocks for hot standby
      (Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      Sometimes a lock would be logged as being held by <quote>transaction
      zero</>.  This is at least known to produce assertion failures on
      slave servers, and might be the cause of more serious problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Track the OID counter correctly during WAL replay, even when it wraps
      around (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously the OID counter would remain stuck at a high value until the
      system exited replay mode.  The practical consequences of that are
      usually nil, but there are scenarios wherein a standby server that's
      been promoted to master might take a long time to advance the OID
      counter to a reasonable value once values are needed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent emitting misleading <quote>consistent recovery state reached</>
      log message at the beginning of crash recovery (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix initial value of
      <structname>pg_stat_replication</>.<structfield>replay_location</>
      (Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the value shown would be wrong until at least one WAL
      record had been replayed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix regular expression back-references with <literal>*</> attached
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Rather than enforcing an exact string match, the code would effectively
      accept any string that satisfies the pattern sub-expression referenced
      by the back-reference symbol.
     </para>

     <para>
      A similar problem still afflicts back-references that are embedded in a
      larger quantified expression, rather than being the immediate subject
      of the quantifier.  This will be addressed in a future
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix recently-introduced memory leak in processing of
      <type>inet</>/<type>cidr</> values (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      A patch in the December 2011 releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>
      caused memory leakage in these operations, which could be significant
      in scenarios such as building a btree index on such a column.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's ability to push down index-expression restrictions
      through <literal>UNION ALL</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This type of optimization was inadvertently disabled by a fix for
      another problem in 9.1.2.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of <literal>WITH</> clauses referenced in
      <command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</> on an inherited table
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug led to <quote>could not find plan for CTE</> failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix GIN cost estimation to handle <literal>column IN (...)</>
      index conditions (Marti Raudsepp)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight would usually lead to crashes if such a condition could
      be used with a GIN index.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent assertion failure when exiting a session with an open, failed
      transaction (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug has no impact on normal builds with asserts not enabled.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dangling pointer after <command>CREATE TABLE AS</>/<command>SELECT
      INTO</> in a SQL-language function (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In most cases this only led to an assertion failure in assert-enabled
      builds, but worse consequences seem possible.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid double close of file handle in syslogger on Windows (MauMau)
     </para>

     <para>
      Ordinarily this error was invisible, but it would cause an exception
      when running on a debug version of Windows.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix I/O-conversion-related memory leaks in plpgsql
      (Andres Freund, Jan Urbanski, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Certain operations would leak memory until the end of the current
      function.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Work around bug in perl's SvPVutf8() function (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This function crashes when handed a typeglob or certain read-only
      objects such as <literal>$^V</>.  Make plperl avoid passing those to
      it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</>, don't dump contents of an extension's
      configuration tables if the extension itself is not being dumped
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <application>pg_dump</>'s handling of inherited table columns
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> mishandled situations where a child column has
      a different default expression than its parent column.  If the default
      is textually identical to the parent's default, but not actually the
      same (for instance, because of schema search path differences) it would
      not be recognized as different, so that after dump and restore the
      child would be allowed to inherit the parent's default.  Child columns
      that are <literal>NOT NULL</> where their parent is not could also be
      restored subtly incorrectly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_restore</>'s direct-to-database mode for
      INSERT-style table data (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Direct-to-database restores from archive files made with
      <option>--inserts</> or <option>--column-inserts</> options fail when
      using <application>pg_restore</> from a release dated September or
      December 2011, as a result of an oversight in a fix for another
      problem.  The archive file itself is not at fault, and text-mode
      output is okay.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Teach <application>pg_upgrade</> to handle renaming of
      <application>plpython</>'s shared library (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Upgrading a pre-9.1 database that included plpython would fail because
      of this oversight.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <application>pg_upgrade</> to process tables containing
      <type>regclass</> columns (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Since <application>pg_upgrade</> now takes care to preserve
      <structname>pg_class</> OIDs, there was no longer any reason for this
      restriction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>libpq</> ignore <literal>ENOTDIR</> errors
      when looking for an SSL client certificate file
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows SSL connections to be established, though without a
      certificate, even when the user's home directory is set to something
      like <literal>/dev/null</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix some more field alignment issues in <application>ecpg</>'s SQLDA area
      (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <literal>AT</> option in <application>ecpg</>
      <literal>DEALLOCATE</> statements (Michael Meskes)
     </para>

     <para>
      The infrastructure to support this has been there for awhile, but
      through an oversight there was still an error check rejecting the case.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Do not use the variable name when defining a varchar structure in ecpg
      (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/auto_explain</>'s JSON output mode to produce
      valid JSON (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      The output used brackets at the top level, when it should have used
      braces.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error in <filename>contrib/intarray</>'s <literal>int[] &amp;
      int[]</> operator (Guillaume Lelarge)
     </para>

     <para>
      If the smallest integer the two input arrays have in common is 1,
      and there are smaller values in either array, then 1 would be
      incorrectly omitted from the result.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error detection in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>'s
      <function>encrypt_iv()</> and <function>decrypt_iv()</>
      (Marko Kreen)
     </para>

     <para>
      These functions failed to report certain types of invalid-input errors,
      and would instead return random garbage values for incorrect input.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix one-byte buffer overrun in <filename>contrib/test_parser</>
      (Paul Guyot)
     </para>

     <para>
      The code would try to read one more byte than it should, which would
      crash in corner cases.
      Since <filename>contrib/test_parser</> is only example code, this is
      not a security issue in itself, but bad example code is still bad.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use <function>__sync_lock_test_and_set()</> for spinlocks on ARM, if
      available (Martin Pitt)
     </para>

     <para>
      This function replaces our previous use of the <literal>SWPB</>
      instruction, which is deprecated and not available on ARMv6 and later.
      Reports suggest that the old code doesn't fail in an obvious way on
      recent ARM boards, but simply doesn't interlock concurrent accesses,
      leading to bizarre failures in multiprocess operation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use <option>-fexcess-precision=standard</> option when building with
      gcc versions that accept it (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents assorted scenarios wherein recent versions of gcc will
      produce creative results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow use of threaded Python on FreeBSD (Chris Rees)
     </para>

     <para>
      Our configure script previously believed that this combination wouldn't
      work; but FreeBSD fixed the problem, so remove that error check.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow MinGW builds to use standardly-named OpenSSL libraries
      (Tomasz Ostrowski)
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-2">
  <title>Release 9.1.2</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2011-12-05</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.1.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.2</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, a longstanding error was discovered in the definition of the
    <literal>information_schema.referential_constraints</> view.  If you
    rely on correct results from that view, you should replace its
    definition as explained in the first changelog item below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you use the <type>citext</> data type, and you upgraded
    from a previous major release by running <application>pg_upgrade</>,
    you should run <literal>CREATE EXTENSION citext FROM unpackaged</>
    to avoid collation-related failures in <type>citext</> operations.
    The same is necessary if you restore a dump from a pre-9.1 database
    that contains an instance of the <type>citext</> data type.
    If you've already run the <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> command before
    upgrading to 9.1.2, you will instead need to do manual catalog updates
    as explained in the second changelog item.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in <literal>information_schema.referential_constraints</> view
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This view was being insufficiently careful about matching the
      foreign-key constraint to the depended-on primary or unique key
      constraint.  That could result in failure to show a foreign key
      constraint at all, or showing it multiple times, or claiming that it
      depends on a different constraint than the one it really does.
     </para>

     <para>
      Since the view definition is installed by <application>initdb</>,
      merely upgrading will not fix the problem.  If you need to fix this
      in an existing installation, you can (as a superuser) drop the
      <literal>information_schema</> schema then re-create it by sourcing
      <filename><replaceable>SHAREDIR</>/information_schema.sql</filename>.
      (Run <literal>pg_config --sharedir</> if you're uncertain where
      <replaceable>SHAREDIR</> is.)  This must be repeated in each database
      to be fixed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <filename>contrib/citext</>'s upgrade script fix collations of
      <type>citext</> columns and indexes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Existing <type>citext</> columns and indexes aren't correctly marked as
      being of a collatable data type during <application>pg_upgrade</> from
      a pre-9.1 server, or when a pre-9.1 dump containing the <type>citext</>
      type is loaded into a 9.1 server.
      That leads to operations on these columns failing with errors
      such as <quote>could not determine which collation to use for string
      comparison</>.  This change allows them to be fixed by the same
      script that upgrades the <type>citext</> module into a proper 9.1
      extension during <literal>CREATE EXTENSION citext FROM unpackaged</>.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you have a previously-upgraded database that is suffering from this
      problem, and you already ran the <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> command,
      you can manually run (as superuser) the <command>UPDATE</> commands
      found at the end of
      <filename><replaceable>SHAREDIR</>/extension/citext--unpackaged--1.0.sql</filename>.
      (Run <literal>pg_config --sharedir</> if you're uncertain where
      <replaceable>SHAREDIR</> is.)
      There is no harm in doing this again if unsure.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash during <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> that
      joins to the output of a scalar-returning function (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A crash could only occur if the target row had been concurrently
      updated, so this problem surfaced only intermittently.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect replay of WAL records for GIN index updates
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could result in transiently failing to find index entries after
      a crash, or on a hot-standby server.  The problem would be repaired
      by the next <command>VACUUM</> of the index, however.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix TOAST-related data corruption during <literal>CREATE TABLE dest AS
      SELECT * FROM src</> or <literal>INSERT INTO dest SELECT * FROM src</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a table has been modified by <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</>,
      attempts to copy its data verbatim to another table could produce
      corrupt results in certain corner cases.
      The problem can only manifest in this precise form in 8.4 and later,
      but we patched earlier versions as well in case there are other code
      paths that could trigger the same bug.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible failures during hot standby startup (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Start hot standby faster when initial snapshot is incomplete
      (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition during toast table access from stale syscache entries
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The typical symptom was transient errors like <quote>missing chunk
      number 0 for toast value NNNNN in pg_toast_2619</>, where the cited
      toast table would always belong to a system catalog.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Track dependencies of functions on items used in parameter default
      expressions (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, a referenced object could be dropped without having dropped
      or modified the function, leading to misbehavior when the function was
      used.  Note that merely installing this update will not fix the missing
      dependency entries; to do that, you'd need to <command>CREATE OR
      REPLACE</> each such function afterwards.  If you have functions whose
      defaults depend on non-built-in objects, doing so is recommended.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect management of placeholder variables in nestloop joins
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug is known to lead to <quote>variable not found in subplan target
      list</> planner errors, and could possibly result in wrong query output
      when outer joins are involved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix window functions that sort by expressions involving aggregates
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously these could fail with <quote>could not find pathkey item to
      sort</> planner errors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>MergeAppend child's targetlist doesn't match MergeAppend</>
      planner errors (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix index matching for operators with both collatable and noncollatable
      inputs (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In 9.1.0, an indexable operator that has a non-collatable left-hand
      input type and a collatable right-hand input type would not be
      recognized as matching the left-hand column's index.  An example is
      the <type>hstore</> <literal>?</> <type>text</> operator.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow inlining of set-returning SQL functions with multiple OUT
      parameters (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't trust deferred-unique indexes for join removal (Tom Lane and Marti
      Raudsepp)
     </para>

     <para>
      A deferred uniqueness constraint might not hold intra-transaction,
      so assuming that it does could give incorrect query results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>DatumGetInetP()</> unpack inet datums that have a 1-byte
      header, and add a new macro, <function>DatumGetInetPP()</>, that does
      not (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change affects no core code, but might prevent crashes in add-on
      code that expects <function>DatumGetInetP()</> to produce an unpacked
      datum as per usual convention.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve locale support in <type>money</> type's input and output
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Aside from not supporting all standard
      <link linkend="guc-lc-monetary"><varname>lc_monetary</></link>
      formatting options, the input and output functions were inconsistent,
      meaning there were locales in which dumped <type>money</> values could
      not be re-read.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't let <link
      linkend="guc-transform-null-equals"><varname>transform_null_equals</></link>
      affect <literal>CASE foo WHEN NULL ...</> constructs
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <varname>transform_null_equals</> is only supposed to affect
      <literal>foo = NULL</> expressions written directly by the user, not
      equality checks generated internally by this form of <literal>CASE</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change foreign-key trigger creation order to better support
      self-referential foreign keys (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      For a cascading foreign key that references its own table, a row update
      will fire both the <literal>ON UPDATE</> trigger and the
      <literal>CHECK</> trigger as one event.  The <literal>ON UPDATE</>
      trigger must execute first, else the <literal>CHECK</> will check a
      non-final state of the row and possibly throw an inappropriate error.
      However, the firing order of these triggers is determined by their
      names, which generally sort in creation order since the triggers have
      auto-generated names following the convention
      <quote>RI_ConstraintTrigger_NNNN</>.  A proper fix would require
      modifying that convention, which we will do in 9.2, but it seems risky
      to change it in existing releases.  So this patch just changes the
      creation order of the triggers.  Users encountering this type of error
      should drop and re-create the foreign key constraint to get its
      triggers into the right order.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <literal>IF EXISTS</> to work correctly in <command>DROP OPERATOR
      FAMILY</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow dropping of an extension from within its own script
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents odd behavior in case of incorrect management of extension
      dependencies.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't mark auto-generated types as extension members (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Relation rowtypes and automatically-generated array types do not need to
      have their own extension membership entries in <structname>pg_depend</>,
      and creating such entries complicates matters for extension upgrades.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cope with invalid pre-existing <varname>search_path</> settings during
      <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid floating-point underflow while tracking buffer allocation rate
      (Greg Matthews)
     </para>

     <para>
      While harmless in itself, on certain platforms this would result in
      annoying kernel log messages.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent autovacuum transactions from running in serializable mode
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Autovacuum formerly used the cluster-wide default transaction isolation
      level, but there is no need for it to use anything higher than READ
      COMMITTED, and using SERIALIZABLE could result in unnecessary delays
      for other processes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure walsender processes respond promptly to <systemitem>SIGTERM</>
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Exclude <filename>postmaster.opts</> from base backups
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Preserve configuration file name and line number values when starting
      child processes under Windows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Formerly, these would not be displayed correctly in the
      <structname>pg_settings</> view.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect field alignment in <application>ecpg</>'s SQLDA area
      (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Preserve blank lines within commands in <application>psql</>'s command
      history (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      The former behavior could cause problems if an empty line was removed
      from within a string literal, for example.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid platform-specific infinite loop in <application>pg_dump</>
      (Steve Singer)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix compression of plain-text output format in <application>pg_dump</>
      (Adrian Klaver and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> has historically understood <literal>-Z</> with
      no <literal>-F</> switch to mean that it should emit a gzip-compressed
      version of its plain text output.  Restore that behavior.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</> to dump user-defined casts between
      auto-generated types, such as table rowtypes (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix missed quoting of foreign server names in <application>pg_dump</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Assorted fixes for <application>pg_upgrade</> (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Handle exclusion constraints correctly, avoid failures on Windows,
      don't complain about mismatched toast table names in 8.4 databases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In PL/pgSQL, allow foreign tables to define row types
      (Alexander Soudakov)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix up conversions of PL/Perl functions' results
      (Alex Hunsaker and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Restore the pre-9.1 behavior that PL/Perl functions returning
      <type>void</> ignore the result value of their last Perl statement;
      9.1.0 would throw an error if that statement returned a reference.
      Also, make sure it works to return a string value for a composite type,
      so long as the string meets the type's input format.
      In addition, throw errors for attempts to return Perl arrays or hashes
      when the function's declared result type is not an array or composite
      type, respectively.  (Pre-9.1 versions rather uselessly returned
      strings like <literal>ARRAY(0x221a9a0)</> or
      <literal>HASH(0x221aa90)</> in such cases.)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure PL/Perl strings are always correctly UTF8-encoded
      (Amit Khandekar and Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use the preferred version of <application>xsubpp</> to build PL/Perl,
      not necessarily the operating system's main copy
      (David Wheeler and Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly propagate SQLSTATE in PL/Python exceptions
      (Mika Eloranta and Jan Urbanski)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Do not install PL/Python extension files for Python major versions
      other than the one built against (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change all the <filename>contrib</> extension script files to report
      a useful error message if they are fed to <application>psql</>
      (Andrew Dunstan and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This should help teach people about the new method of using
      <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> to load these files.  In most cases,
      sourcing the scripts directly would fail anyway, but with
      harder-to-interpret messages.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect coding in <filename>contrib/dict_int</> and
      <filename>contrib/dict_xsyn</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some functions incorrectly assumed that memory returned by
      <function>palloc()</> is guaranteed zeroed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove <filename>contrib/sepgsql</> tests from the regular regression
      test mechanism (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Since these tests require root privileges for setup, they're impractical
      to run automatically.  Switch over to a manual approach instead, and
      provide a testing script to help with that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted errors in <filename>contrib/unaccent</>'s configuration
      file parsing (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Honor query cancel interrupts promptly in <function>pgstatindex()</>
      (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect quoting of log file name in Mac OS X start script
      (Sidar Lopez)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Revert unintentional enabling of <literal>WAL_DEBUG</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Fortunately, as debugging tools go, this one is pretty cheap;
      but it's not intended to be enabled by default, so revert.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure VPATH builds properly install all server header files
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Shorten file names reported in verbose error messages (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      Regular builds have always reported just the name of the C file
      containing the error message call, but VPATH builds formerly
      reported an absolute path name.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix interpretation of Windows timezone names for Central America
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Map <quote>Central America Standard Time</> to <literal>CST6</>, not
      <literal>CST6CDT</>, because DST is generally not observed anywhere in
      Central America.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2011n
      for DST law changes in Brazil, Cuba, Fiji, Palestine, Russia, and Samoa;
      also historical corrections for Alaska and British East Africa.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-1">
  <title>Release 9.1.1</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2011-09-26</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a small number of fixes from 9.1.0.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>pg_options_to_table</> return NULL for an option with no
      value (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously such cases would result in a server crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak at end of a GiST index scan (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Commands that perform many separate GiST index scans, such as
      verification of a new GiST-based exclusion constraint on a table
      already containing many rows, could transiently require large amounts of
      memory due to this leak.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix explicit reference to <literal>pg_temp</> schema in <command>CREATE
      TEMPORARY TABLE</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This used to be allowed, but failed in 9.1.0.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1">
  <title>Release 9.1</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release Date</title>
   <simpara>2011-09-12</simpara>
  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    This release shows <productname>PostgreSQL</> moving beyond the
    traditional relational-database feature set with new, ground-breaking
    functionality that is unique to <productname>PostgreSQL</>.
    The streaming replication feature introduced in release 9.0 is
    significantly enhanced by adding a synchronous-replication option,
    streaming backups, and monitoring improvements.
    Major enhancements include:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>

    <!-- This list duplicates items below, but without authors or details-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <link linkend="synchronous-replication">synchronous
      replication</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add support for <link linkend="SQL-CREATEFOREIGNTABLE">foreign
      tables</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add per-column <link
      linkend="collation">collation</link> support
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add <link linkend="extend-extensions">extensions</link> which
      simplify packaging of additions to <productname>PostgreSQL</>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add a true <link
      linkend="xact-serializable">serializable isolation level</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support unlogged tables using the <literal>UNLOGGED</>
      option in <link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE
      TABLE</></link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow data-modification commands
      (<command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>) in
      <link linkend="queries-with"><literal>WITH</></link> clauses
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add nearest-neighbor (order-by-operator) searching to <link
      linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</> indexes</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add a <link linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY
      LABEL</></link> command and support for
      <link linkend="sepgsql"><acronym>SELinux</> permissions control</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update the <link linkend="plpython">PL/Python</link> server-side
      language
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

   <para>
    The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>

  <title>Migration to Version 9.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>,
    or use of <application>pg_upgrade</application>, is required
    for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
    release.
   </para>

   <para>
    Version 9.1 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility
    with previous releases.  Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Strings</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change the default value of <link
       linkend="guc-standard-conforming-strings"><varname>standard_conforming_strings</></link>
       to on (Robert Haas)
      </para>

      <para>
       By default, backslashes are now ordinary characters in string literals,
       not escape characters.  This change removes a long-standing
       incompatibility with the SQL standard.  <link
       linkend="guc-escape-string-warning"><varname>escape_string_warning</></link>
       has produced warnings about this usage for years.  <literal>E''</>
       strings are the proper way to embed backslash escapes in strings and are
       unaffected by this change.
      </para>

      <warning>
       <para>
        This change can break applications that are not expecting it and
        do their own string escaping according to the old rules.  The
        consequences could be as severe as introducing SQL-injection security
        holes.  Be sure to test applications that are exposed to untrusted
        input, to ensure that they correctly handle single quotes and
        backslashes in text strings.
       </para>
      </warning>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Casting</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Disallow function-style and attribute-style data type casts for
       composite types (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       For example, disallow
       <literal><replaceable>composite_value</>.text</literal> and
       <literal>text(<replaceable>composite_value</>)</literal>.
       Unintentional uses of this syntax have frequently resulted in bug
       reports; although it was not a bug, it seems better to go back to
       rejecting such expressions.
       The <literal>CAST</> and <literal>::</> syntaxes are still available
       for use when a cast of an entire composite value is actually intended.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Tighten casting checks for domains based on arrays (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       When a domain is based on an array type, it is allowed to <quote>look
       through</> the domain type to access the array elements, including
       subscripting the domain value to fetch or assign an element.
       Assignment to an element of such a domain value, for instance via
       <literal>UPDATE ... SET domaincol[5] = ...</>, will now result in
       rechecking the domain type's constraints, whereas before the checks
       were skipped.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Arrays</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change <link
       linkend="array-functions-table"><function>string_to_array()</></link>
       to return an empty array for a zero-length string (Pavel
       Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously this returned a null value.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change <link
       linkend="array-functions-table"><function>string_to_array()</></link>
       so a <literal>NULL</> separator splits the string into characters
       (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously this returned a null value.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Modification</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix improper checks for before/after triggers (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Triggers can now be fired in three cases: <literal>BEFORE</>,
       <literal>AFTER</>, or <literal>INSTEAD OF</> some action.
       Trigger function authors should verify that their logic behaves
       sanely in all three cases.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Require superuser or <literal>CREATEROLE</> permissions in order to
        set comments on roles (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Settings</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change <link
       linkend="functions-recovery-info-table"><function>pg_last_xlog_receive_location()</></link>
       so it never moves backwards (Fujii Masao)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously, the value of <function>pg_last_xlog_receive_location()</>
       could move backward when streaming replication is restarted.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Have logging of replication connections honor <link
       linkend="guc-log-connections"><varname>log_connections</></link>
       (Magnus Hagander)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously, replication connections were always logged.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change PL/pgSQL's <literal>RAISE</> command without parameters
       to be catchable by the attached exception block (Piyush Newe)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously <literal>RAISE</> in a code block was always scoped to
       an attached exception block, so it was uncatchable at the same
       scope.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Adjust PL/pgSQL's error line numbering code to be consistent
       with other PLs (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously, PL/pgSQL would ignore (not count) an empty line at the
       start of the function body.  Since this was inconsistent with all
       other languages, the special case was removed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make PL/pgSQL complain about conflicting IN and OUT parameter names
       (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Formerly, the collision was not detected, and the name would just
       silently refer to only the OUT parameter.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Type modifiers of PL/pgSQL variables are now visible to the SQL parser
       (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       A type modifier (such as a varchar length limit) attached to a PL/pgSQL
       variable was formerly enforced during assignments, but was ignored for
       all other purposes.  Such variables will now behave more like table
       columns declared with the same modifier.  This is not expected to make
       any visible difference in most cases, but it could result in subtle
       changes for some SQL commands issued by PL/pgSQL functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       All contrib modules are now installed with <link
       linkend="SQL-CREATEEXTENSION"><command>CREATE EXTENSION</></link>
       rather than by manually invoking their SQL scripts
       (Dimitri Fontaine, Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       To update an existing database containing the 9.0 version of a contrib
       module, use <literal>CREATE EXTENSION ... FROM unpackaged</literal>
       to wrap the existing contrib module's objects into an extension.  When
       updating from a pre-9.0 version, drop the contrib module's objects
       using its old uninstall script, then use <literal>CREATE EXTENSION</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Other Incompatibilities</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <link
       linkend="monitoring-stats-funcs-table"><function>pg_stat_reset()</></link>
       reset all database-level statistics (Tomas Vondra)
      </para>

      <para>
       Some <structname>pg_stat_database</> counters were not being reset.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Fix some <link
        linkend="infoschema-triggers"><structname>information_schema.triggers</></link>
        column names to match the new SQL-standard names (Dean Rasheed)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Treat <application>ECPG</> cursor names as case-insensitive
       (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <para>
    Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1 and the previous major
    release.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server</title>

    <sect4>
     <title>Performance</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support unlogged tables using the <literal>UNLOGGED</>
        option in <link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE
        TABLE</></link> (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Such tables provide better update performance than regular tables,
        but are not crash-safe: their contents are automatically cleared in
        case of a server crash.  Their contents do not propagate to
        replication slaves, either.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>FULL OUTER JOIN</literal> to be implemented as a
        hash join, and allow either side of a <literal>LEFT OUTER JOIN</>
        or <literal>RIGHT OUTER JOIN</> to be hashed (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously <literal>FULL OUTER JOIN</literal> could only be
        implemented as a merge join, and <literal>LEFT OUTER JOIN</literal>
        and <literal>RIGHT OUTER JOIN</literal> could hash only the nullable
        side of the join.  These changes provide additional query optimization
        possibilities.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Merge duplicate fsync requests (Robert Haas, Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        This greatly improves performance under heavy write loads.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of <link
        linkend="guc-commit-siblings"><varname>commit_siblings</></link>
        (Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the use of <varname>commit_siblings</varname> with
        less overhead.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce the memory requirement for large ispell dictionaries
        (Pavel Stehule, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid leaving data files open after <quote>blind writes</>
        (Alvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This fixes scenarios in which backends might hold files open long
        after they were deleted, preventing the kernel from reclaiming
        disk space.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Optimizer</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow inheritance table scans to return meaningfully-sorted
        results (Greg Stark, Hans-Jurgen Schonig, Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows better optimization of queries that use <literal>ORDER
        BY</>, <literal>LIMIT</>, or <literal>MIN</>/<literal>MAX</> with
        inherited tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve GIN index scan cost estimation (Teodor Sigaev)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve cost estimation for aggregates and window functions (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Authentication</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support host names and host suffixes
        (e.g. <literal>.example.com</>) in <link
        linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously only host <acronym>IP</> addresses and <acronym>CIDR</>
        values were supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support the key word <literal>all</> in the host column of <link
        linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously people used <literal>0.0.0.0/0</> or <literal>::/0</>
        for this.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reject <literal>local</> lines in <link
        linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        on platforms that don't support Unix-socket connections
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly, such lines were silently ignored, which could be surprising.
        This makes the behavior more like other unsupported cases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="gssapi-auth"><acronym>GSSAPI</></link>
        to be used to authenticate to servers via <link
        linkend="sspi-auth"><acronym>SSPI</></link> (Christian Ullrich)
       </para>

       <para>
        Specifically this allows Unix-based <acronym>GSSAPI</> clients
        to do <acronym>SSPI</> authentication with Windows servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <link linkend="auth-ident"><literal>ident</literal></link>
        authentication over local sockets is now known as
        <link linkend="auth-peer"><literal>peer</literal></link>
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        The old term is still accepted for backward compatibility, but since
        the two methods are fundamentally different, it seemed better to adopt
        different names for them.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rewrite <link linkend="auth-peer"><acronym>peer</></link>
        authentication to avoid use of credential control messages (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change makes the peer authentication code simpler and
        better-performing.  However, it requires the platform to provide the
        <function>getpeereid</> function or an equivalent socket operation.
        So far as is known, the only platform for which peer authentication
        worked before and now will not is pre-5.0 NetBSD.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Monitoring</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add details to the logging of restartpoints and checkpoints,
        which is controlled by <link
        linkend="guc-log-checkpoints"><varname>log_checkpoints</></link>
        (Fujii Masao, Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        New details include <acronym>WAL</> file and sync activity.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <link
         linkend="guc-log-file-mode"><varname>log_file_mode</></link>
         which controls the permissions on log files created by the
         logging collector (Martin Pihlak)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce the default maximum line length for <application>syslog</>
        logging to 900 bytes plus prefixes (Noah Misch)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids truncation of long log lines on syslog implementations
        that have a 1KB length limit, rather than the more common 2KB.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Statistical Views</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>client_hostname</structfield> column to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_activity</></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously only the client address was reported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_xact_*</></link>
        statistics functions and views (Joel Jacobson)
       </para>

       <para>
        These are like the database-wide statistics counter views, but
        reflect counts for only the current transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add time of last reset in database-level and background writer
         statistics views (Tomas Vondra)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add columns showing the number of vacuum and analyze operations
         in <link
         linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_*_tables</></link>
         views (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>buffers_backend_fsync</> column to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_bgwriter</></link>
        (Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        This new column counts the number of times a backend fsyncs a
        buffer.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Server Settings</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Provide auto-tuning of <link
        linkend="guc-wal-buffers"><varname>wal_buffers</></link> (Greg
        Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        By default, the value of <varname>wal_buffers</> is now chosen
        automatically based on the value of <varname>shared_buffers</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the maximum values for
        <link linkend="guc-deadlock-timeout"><varname>deadlock_timeout</varname></link>,
        <link linkend="guc-log-min-duration-statement"><varname>log_min_duration_statement</varname></link>, and
        <link linkend="guc-log-autovacuum-min-duration"><varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        The maximum value for each of these parameters was previously
        only about 35 minutes.  Much larger values are now allowed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Replication and Recovery</title>

   <sect4>
    <title>Streaming Replication and Continuous Archiving</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="synchronous-replication">synchronous
       replication</link> (Simon Riggs, Fujii Masao)
      </para>

      <para>
       This allows the primary server to wait for a standby to write a
       transaction's information to disk before acknowledging the commit.
       One standby at a time can take the role of the synchronous standby,
       as controlled by the
       <link linkend="guc-synchronous-standby-names"><varname>synchronous_standby_names</varname></link>
       setting.  Synchronous replication can be enabled or disabled on a
       per-transaction basis using the
       <link linkend="guc-synchronous-commit"><varname>synchronous_commit</></link>
       setting.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add protocol support for sending file system backups to standby servers
       using the streaming replication network connection (Magnus Hagander,
       Heikki Linnakangas)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids the requirement of manually transferring a file
       system backup when setting up a standby server.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add
       <link linkend="guc-replication-timeout"><varname>replication_timeout</></link>
       setting (Fujii Masao, Heikki Linnakangas)
      </para>

      <para>
       Replication connections that are idle for more than the
       <varname>replication_timeout</> interval will be terminated
       automatically.  Formerly, a failed connection was typically not
       detected until the TCP timeout elapsed, which is inconveniently
       long in many situations.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add command-line tool <link
       linkend="app-pgbasebackup"><application>pg_basebackup</></link>
       for creating a new standby server or database backup (Magnus
       Hagander)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add a <link linkend="SQL-CREATEROLE">replication permission</link>
       for roles (Magnus Hagander)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is a read-only permission used for streaming replication.
       It allows a non-superuser role to be used for replication connections.
       Previously only superusers could initiate replication
       connections; superusers still have this permission by default.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Replication Monitoring</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add system view <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_replication</></link>
        which displays activity of <acronym>WAL</> sender processes (Itagaki
        Takahiro, Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reports the status of all connected standby servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add monitoring function <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-info-table"><function>pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()</></link>
        (Fujii Masao)
       </para>

       <para>
        This returns the time at which the primary generated the most
        recent commit or abort record applied on the standby.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Hot Standby</title>

     <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add configuration parameter <link
       linkend="guc-hot-standby-feedback"><varname>hot_standby_feedback</></link>
       to enable standbys to postpone cleanup of old row versions on the
       primary (Simon Riggs)
      </para>

      <para>
       This helps avoid canceling long-running queries on the standby.
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_database_conflicts</></link>
        system view to show queries that have been canceled and the
        reason (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        Cancellations can occur because of dropped tablespaces, lock
        timeouts, old snapshots, pinned buffers, and deadlocks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <structfield>conflicts</> count to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_database</></link>
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is the number of conflicts that occurred in the database.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the maximum values for
        <link linkend="guc-max-standby-archive-delay"><varname>max_standby_archive_delay</varname></link> and
        <link linkend="guc-max-standby-streaming-delay"><varname>max_standby_streaming_delay</varname></link>
       </para>

       <para>
        The maximum value for each of these parameters was previously
        only about 35 minutes.  Much larger values are now allowed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="errcodes-table"><literal>ERRCODE_T_R_DATABASE_DROPPED</></link>
        error code to report recovery conflicts due to dropped databases
        (Tatsuo Ishii)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is useful for connection pooling software.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Recovery Control</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions to control streaming replication replay (Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new functions are <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-control-table"><function>pg_xlog_replay_pause()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-control-table"><function>pg_xlog_replay_resume()</></link>,
        and the status function <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-control-table"><function>pg_is_xlog_replay_paused()</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>recovery.conf</> setting <link
        linkend="pause-at-recovery-target"><varname>pause_at_recovery_target</></link>
        to pause recovery at target (Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows a recovery server to be queried to check whether
        the recovery point is the one desired.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the ability to create named restore points using <link
        linkend="functions-admin-backup-table"><function>pg_create_restore_point()</></link>
        (Jaime Casanova)
       </para>

       <para>
        These named restore points can be specified as recovery
        targets using the new <filename>recovery.conf</> setting
        <link linkend="recovery-target-name"><varname>recovery_target_name</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow standby recovery to switch to a new timeline automatically
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Now standby servers scan the archive directory for new
        timelines periodically.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="guc-restart-after-crash"><varname>restart_after_crash</></link>
        setting which disables automatic server restart after a backend
        crash (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows external cluster management software to control
        whether the database server restarts or not.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="recovery-config"><filename>recovery.conf</></link>
        to use the same quoting behavior as <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        (Dimitri Fontaine)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously all values had to be quoted.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a true <link
        linkend="xact-serializable">serializable isolation level</link>
        (Kevin Grittner, Dan Ports)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, asking for serializable isolation guaranteed only that a
        single MVCC snapshot would be used for the entire transaction, which
        allowed certain documented anomalies.  The old snapshot isolation
        behavior is still available by requesting the <link
        linkend="xact-repeatable-read"><literal>REPEATABLE READ</></link>
        isolation level.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow data-modification commands
        (<command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>) in
        <link linkend="queries-with"><literal>WITH</></link> clauses
        (Marko Tiikkaja, Hitoshi Harada)
       </para>

       <para>
        These commands can use <literal>RETURNING</> to pass data up to the
        containing query.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="queries-with"><literal>WITH</></link>
        clauses to be attached to <command>INSERT</>, <command>UPDATE</>,
        <command>DELETE</> statements (Marko Tiikkaja, Hitoshi Harada)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow non-<link linkend="queries-group"><literal>GROUP
        BY</></link> columns in the query target list when the primary
        key is specified in the <literal>GROUP BY</> clause (Peter
        Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        The SQL standard allows this behavior, and
        because of the primary key, the result is unambiguous.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow use of the key word <literal>DISTINCT</> in <link
        linkend="queries-union"><literal>UNION</>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</></link>
        clauses (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>DISTINCT</> is the default behavior so use of this
        key word is redundant, but the SQL standard allows it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix ordinary queries with rules to use the same snapshot behavior
        as <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> (Marko Tiikkaja)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> used slightly different
        snapshot timing for queries involving rules.  The
        <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> behavior was judged to be more logical.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Strings</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add per-column <link
        linkend="collation">collation</link> support
        (Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously collation (the sort ordering of text strings) could only be
        chosen at database creation.
        Collation can now be set per column, domain, index, or
        expression, via the SQL-standard <literal>COLLATE</> clause.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Manipulation</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="extend-extensions">extensions</link> which
        simplify packaging of additions to <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        (Dimitri Fontaine, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Extensions are controlled by the new <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATEEXTENSION"><command>CREATE</></link>/<link
        linkend="SQL-ALTEREXTENSION"><command>ALTER</></link>/<link
        linkend="SQL-DROPEXTENSION"><command>DROP EXTENSION</></link>
        commands.  This replaces ad-hoc methods of grouping objects that
        are added to a <productname>PostgreSQL</> installation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <link linkend="SQL-CREATEFOREIGNTABLE">foreign
        tables</link> (Shigeru Hanada, Robert Haas, Jan Urbanski,
        Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows data stored outside the database to be used like
        native <productname>PostgreSQL</>-stored data.  Foreign tables
        are currently read-only, however.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
         Allow new values to be added to an existing enum type via
         <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTYPE"><command>ALTER TYPE</></link> (Andrew
         Dunstan)
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTYPE"><command>ALTER TYPE ...
        ADD/DROP/ALTER/RENAME ATTRIBUTE</></link> (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows modification of composite types.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><command>ALTER</> Object</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>RESTRICT</>/<literal>CASCADE</> to <link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERTYPE"><command>ALTER TYPE</></link> operations
        on typed tables (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This controls
        <literal>ADD</>/<literal>DROP</>/<literal>ALTER</>/<literal>RENAME
        ATTRIBUTE</> cascading behavior.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>ALTER TABLE <replaceable>name</> {OF | NOT OF}
        <replaceable>type</></literal>
        (Noah Misch)
       </para>

       <para>
        This syntax allows a standalone table to be made into a typed table,
        or a typed table to be made standalone.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for more object types in <command>ALTER ... SET
        SCHEMA</> commands (Dimitri Fontaine)
       </para>

       <para>
        This command is now supported for conversions, operators, operator
        classes, operator families, text search configurations, text search
        dictionaries, text search parsers, and text search templates.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE/ALTER TABLE</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER TABLE ...
        ADD UNIQUE/PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX</command>
        (Gurjeet Singh)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows a primary key or unique constraint to be defined using an
        existing unique index, including a concurrently created unique index.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE</>
        to add foreign keys without validation (Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new option is called <literal>NOT VALID</>.  The constraint's
        state can later be modified to <literal>VALIDATED</> and validation
        checks performed. Together these allow you to add a foreign key
        with minimal impact on read and write operations.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER TABLE
        ... SET DATA TYPE</command></link> to avoid table rewrites in
        appropriate cases (Noah Misch, Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, converting a <type>varchar</> column to
        <type>text</> no longer requires a rewrite of the table.
        However, increasing the length constraint on a
        <type>varchar</> column still requires a table rewrite.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE TABLE IF
        NOT EXISTS</></link> syntax (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows table creation without causing an error if the
        table already exists.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix possible <quote>tuple concurrently updated</quote> error
        when two backends attempt to add an inheritance
        child to the same table at the same time (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        <link linkend="sql-altertable"><command>ALTER TABLE</command></link>
        now takes a stronger lock on the parent table, so that the sessions
        cannot try to update it simultaneously.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Object Permissions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <link linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY
        LABEL</></link> command (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows security labels to be assigned to objects.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Operations</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add transaction-level <link linkend="advisory-locks">advisory
       locks</link> (Marko Tiikkaja)
      </para>

      <para>
       These are similar to the existing session-level advisory locks,
       but such locks are automatically released at transaction end.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <link linkend="SQL-TRUNCATE"><command>TRUNCATE ... RESTART
       IDENTITY</></link> restart sequences transactionally (Steve
       Singer)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously the counter could have been left out of sync if a
       backend crashed between the on-commit truncation activity and
       commit completion.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>ENCODING</> option to <link
        linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY TO/FROM</></link> (Hitoshi
        Harada, Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the encoding of the <command>COPY</> file to be
        specified separately from client encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add bidirectional <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link>
        protocol support (Fujii Masao)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is currently only used by streaming replication.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"><command>EXPLAIN</></link></title>

      <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>EXPLAIN VERBOSE</> show the function call expression
        in a <literal>FunctionScan</literal> node (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add additional details to the output of <link
        linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM FULL VERBOSE</></link>
        and <link linkend="SQL-CLUSTER"><command>CLUSTER VERBOSE</></link>
        (Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>

       <para>
        New information includes the live and dead tuple count and
        whether <command>CLUSTER</> is using an index to rebuild.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <link linkend="autovacuum">autovacuum</link> from
        waiting if it cannot acquire a table lock (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        It will try to vacuum that table later.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-CLUSTER"><command>CLUSTER</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>CLUSTER</> to sort the table rather than scanning
        the index when it seems likely to be cheaper (Leonardo Francalanci)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Indexes</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add nearest-neighbor (order-by-operator) searching to <link
        linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</> indexes</link> (Teodor Sigaev, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows <acronym>GiST</> indexes to quickly return the
        <replaceable>N</> closest values in a query with <literal>LIMIT</>.
        For example
<programlisting><![CDATA[
SELECT * FROM places ORDER BY location <-> point '(101,456)' LIMIT 10;
]]>
</programlisting>
        finds the ten places closest to a given target point.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</> indexes</link> to index null
        and empty values (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows full <acronym>GIN</> index scans, and fixes various
        corner cases in which GIN scans would fail.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</> indexes</link> to
        better recognize duplicate search entries (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces the cost of index scans, especially in cases where
        it avoids unnecessary full index scans.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</> indexes</link> to be fully
        crash-safe (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously there were rare cases where a <command>REINDEX</>
        would be required (you would be informed).
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <type>numeric</> to use a more compact, two-byte header
       in common cases (Robert Haas)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously all <type>numeric</> values had four-byte headers;
       this change saves on disk storage.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add support for dividing <type>money</> by <type>money</>
        (Andy Balholm)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow binary I/O on type <type>void</type> (Radoslaw Smogura)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve hypotenuse calculations for geometric operators (Paul Matthews)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids unnecessary overflows, and may also be more accurate.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Support hashing array values (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       This provides additional query optimization possibilities.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Don't treat a composite type as sortable unless all its column types
       are sortable (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids possible <quote>could not identify a comparison function</>
       failures at runtime, if it is possible to implement the query without
       sorting.  Also, <command>ANALYZE</> won't try to use inappropriate
       statistics-gathering methods for columns of such composite types.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Casting</title>

     <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add support for casting between <type>money</> and <type>numeric</>
        (Andy Balholm)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add support for casting from <type>int4</> and <type>int8</>
       to <type>money</> (Joey Adams)
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow casting a table's row type to the table's supertype if
        it's a typed table (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is analogous to the existing facility that allows casting a row
        type to a supertable's row type.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="functions-xml"><acronym>XML</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>XML</> function <link
        linkend="xml-exists"><literal>XMLEXISTS</></link> and <link
        linkend="xml-exists"><function>xpath_exists()</></link>
        functions (Mike Fowler)
       </para>

       <para>
        These are used for XPath matching.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>XML</> functions <link
        linkend="xml-is-well-formed"><function>xml_is_well_formed()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="xml-is-well-formed"><function>xml_is_well_formed_document()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="xml-is-well-formed"><function>xml_is_well_formed_content()</></link>
        (Mike Fowler)
       </para>

       <para>
        These check whether the input is properly-formed <acronym>XML</>.
        They provide functionality that was previously available only in
        the deprecated <filename>contrib/xml2</filename> module.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add SQL function <link
        linkend="format"><function>format(text, ...)</></link>, which
        behaves analogously to C's <function>printf()</> (Pavel Stehule,
        Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        It currently supports formats for strings, SQL literals, and
        SQL identifiers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add string functions <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>concat()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>concat_ws()</></link>,
        <link linkend="functions-string-other"><function>left()</></link>,
        <link linkend="functions-string-other"><function>right()</></link>,
        and <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>reverse()</></link>
        (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        These improve compatibility with other database products.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add function <link
         linkend="functions-admin-genfile"><function>pg_read_binary_file()</></link>
         to read binary files (Dimitri Fontaine, Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add a single-parameter version of function <link
         linkend="functions-admin-genfile"><function>pg_read_file()</></link>
         to read an entire file (Dimitri Fontaine, Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add three-parameter forms of <link
         linkend="array-functions-table"><function>array_to_string()</></link>
         and <link
         linkend="array-functions-table"><function>string_to_array()</></link>
         for null value processing control (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Object Information Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the <link
        linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>pg_describe_object()</></link>
        function (Alvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This function is used to obtain a human-readable string describing
        an object, based on the <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-class"><structname>pg_class</structname></link>
        OID, object OID, and sub-object ID.  It can be used to help
        interpret the contents of <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-depend"><structname>pg_depend</structname></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Update comments for built-in operators and their underlying
         functions (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Functions that are meant to be used via an associated operator
        are now commented as such.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add variable <link
        linkend="guc-quote-all-identifiers"><varname>quote_all_identifiers</></link>
        to force the quoting of all identifiers in <command>EXPLAIN</>
        and in system catalog functions like <link
        linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>pg_get_viewdef()</></link>
        (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This makes exporting schemas to tools and other databases with
        different quoting rules easier.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add columns to the <link
        linkend="infoschema-sequences"><structname>information_schema.sequences</></link>
        system view (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, though the view existed, the columns about the
        sequence parameters were unimplemented.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>public</> as a pseudo-role name in <link
        linkend="functions-info-access-table"><function>has_table_privilege()</></link>
        and related functions (Alvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows checking for public permissions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Function and Trigger Creation</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <link linkend="SQL-CREATETRIGGER"><literal>INSTEAD
        OF</></link> triggers on views (Dean Rasheed)
       </para>

       <para>
        This feature can be used to implement fully updatable views.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server-Side Languages</title>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="plpgsql-foreach-array"><command>FOREACH IN
        ARRAY</></link> to PL/pgSQL
        (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is more efficient and readable than previous methods of
        iterating through the elements of an array value.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>RAISE</command> without parameters to be caught in
        the same places that could catch a <command>RAISE ERROR</command>
        from the same location (Piyush Newe)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous coding threw the error
        from the block containing the active exception handler.
        The new behavior is more consistent with other DBMS products.
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plperl">PL/Perl</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow generic record arguments to PL/Perl functions (Andrew
        Dunstan)
       </para>

       <para>
        PL/Perl functions can now be declared to accept type <type>record</>.
        The behavior is the same as for any named composite type.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Convert PL/Perl array arguments to Perl arrays (Alexey Klyukin,
        Alex Hunsaker)
       </para>

       <para>
        String representations are still available.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Convert PL/Perl composite-type arguments to Perl hashes
        (Alexey Klyukin, Alex Hunsaker)
       </para>

       <para>
        String representations are still available.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plpython">PL/Python</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add table function support for PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        PL/Python can now return multiple <literal>OUT</> parameters
        and record sets.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a validator to PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows PL/Python functions to be syntax-checked at function
        creation time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow exceptions for SQL queries in PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows access to SQL-generated exception error codes from
        PL/Python exception blocks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add explicit subtransactions to PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add PL/Python functions for quoting strings (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions are <link
        linkend="plpython-util"><literal>plpy.quote_ident</></link>,
        <link linkend="plpython-util"><literal>plpy.quote_literal</></link>,
        and <link
        linkend="plpython-util"><literal>plpy.quote_nullable</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add traceback information to PL/Python errors (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Report PL/Python errors from iterators with <literal>PLy_elog</> (Jan
         Urbanski)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix exception handling with Python 3 (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        Exception classes were previously not available in
        <literal>plpy</> under Python 3.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Client Applications</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Mark <link
        linkend="APP-CREATELANG"><application>createlang</></link>
        and <link linkend="APP-DROPLANG"><application>droplang</></link>
        as deprecated now that they just invoke extension commands (Tom
        Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>psql</> command <literal>\conninfo</>
         to show current connection information (David Christensen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>psql</> command <literal>\sf</> to
         show a function's definition (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>psql</> command <literal>\dL</> to list
         languages (Fernando Ike)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the <option>S</> (<quote>system</>) option to <application>psql</>'s
        <literal>\dn</> (list schemas) command (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>\dn</> without <literal>S</> now suppresses system
        schemas.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</>'s <literal>\e</> and <literal>\ef</>
        commands to accept a line number to be used to position the
        cursor in the editor (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is passed to the editor according to the
        <envar>PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG</> environment variable.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>psql</> set the client encoding from the
        operating system locale by default (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This only happens if the <envar>PGCLIENTENCODING</> environment
        variable is not set.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>\d</literal> distinguish between unique
        indexes and unique constraints (Josh Kupershmidt)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>\dt+</literal> report <function>pg_table_size</>
        instead of <function>pg_relation_size</> when talking to 9.0 or
        later servers (Bernd Helmle)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is a more useful measure of table size, but note that it is
        not identical to what was previously reported in the same display.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Additional tab completion support (Itagaki Takahiro, Pavel Stehule,
        Andrey Popp, Christoph Berg, David Fetter, Josh Kupershmidt)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link>
         and <link
         linkend="APP-PG-DUMPALL"><application>pg_dumpall</></link>
         option <option>--quote-all-identifiers</> to force quoting
         of all identifiers (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>directory</> format to <application>pg_dump</>
        (Joachim Wieland, Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is internally similar to the <literal>tar</>
        <application>pg_dump</> format.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PG-CTL"><application>pg_ctl</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <application>pg_ctl</>
        so it no longer incorrectly reports that the server is not
        running (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously this could happen if the server was running but
        <application>pg_ctl</> could not authenticate.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <application>pg_ctl</> start's <quote>wait</quote>
        (<option>-w</>) option (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        The wait mode is now significantly more robust.  It will not get
        confused by non-default postmaster port numbers, non-default
        Unix-domain socket locations, permission problems, or stale
        postmaster lock files.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <literal>promote</> option to <application>pg_ctl</> to
         switch a standby server to primary (Fujii Masao)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><application>Development Tools</></title>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a libpq connection option <link
        linkend="libpq-connect-client-encoding"><literal>client_encoding</></link>
        which behaves like the <envar>PGCLIENTENCODING</> environment
        variable (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        The value <literal>auto</> sets the client encoding based on
        the operating system locale.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="libpq-pqlibversion"><function>PQlibVersion()</></link>
        function which returns the libpq library version (Magnus
        Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        libpq already had <function>PQserverVersion()</> which returns
        the server version.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow libpq-using clients to
        check the user name of the server process
        when connecting via Unix-domain sockets, with the new <link
        linkend="libpq-connect-requirepeer"><literal>requirepeer</></link>
        connection option
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> already allowed servers to check
        the client user name when connecting via Unix-domain sockets.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="libpq-pqping"><function>PQping()</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="libpq-pqpingparams"><function>PQpingParams()</></link>
        to libpq (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions allow detection of the server's status without
        trying to open a new session.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ECPG</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow ECPG to accept dynamic cursor names even in
        <literal>WHERE CURRENT OF</literal> clauses
        (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>ecpglib</> write <type>double</> values with a
        precision of 15 digits, not 14 as formerly (Akira Kurosawa)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Build Options</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use <literal>+Olibmerrno</> compile flag with HP-UX C compilers
        that accept it (Ibrar Ahmed)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids possible misbehavior of math library calls on recent
        HP platforms.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Makefiles</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improved parallel make support (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows for faster compiles.  Also, <literal>make -k</>
        now works more consistently.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Require <acronym>GNU</> <link
         linkend="install-requirements"><application>make</></link>
         3.80 or newer (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is necessary because of the parallel-make improvements.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>make maintainer-check</> target
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This target performs various source code checks that are not
        appropriate for either the build or the regression tests.  Currently:
        duplicate_oids, SGML syntax and tabs check, NLS syntax check.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>make check</> in <filename>contrib</>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly only <literal>make installcheck</> worked, but now
        there is support for testing in a temporary installation.
        The top-level <literal>make check-world</> target now includes
        testing <filename>contrib</> this way.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Windows</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         On Windows, allow <link
         linkend="app-pg-ctl"><application>pg_ctl</></link> to register
         the service as auto-start or start-on-demand (Quan Zongliang)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for collecting <link linkend="windows-crash-dumps">crash
        dumps</link> on Windows (Craig Ringer, Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        <productname>minidumps</> can now be generated by non-debug
        Windows binaries and analyzed by standard debugging tools.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enable building with the MinGW64 compiler (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows building 64-bit Windows binaries even on non-Windows
        platforms via cross-compiling.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Revise the API for GUC variable assign hooks (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous functions of assign hooks are now split between check
        hooks and assign hooks, where the former can fail but the latter
        shouldn't.  This change will impact add-on modules that define custom
        GUC parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add latches to the source code to support waiting for events (Heikki
        Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Centralize data modification permissions-checking logic
         (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add missing <function>get_<replaceable>object</>_oid()</function> functions, for consistency
         (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve ability to use C++ compilers for <link
         linkend="xfunc-c">compiling add-on modules</link> by removing
         conflicting key words (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add support for DragonFly <acronym>BSD</> (Rumko)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Expose <function>quote_literal_cstr()</> for backend use
         (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Run <link linkend="build">regression tests</link> in the
        default encoding (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Regression tests were previously always run with
        <literal>SQL_ASCII</> encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>src/tools/git_changelog</> to replace
         <application>cvs2cl</> and <application>pgcvslog</> (Robert
         Haas, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>git-external-diff</> script to
        <filename>src/tools</> (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is used to generate context diffs from git.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve support for building with
         <application>Clang</application> (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Server Hooks</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add source code hooks to check permissions (Robert Haas,
         Stephen Frost)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add post-object-creation function hooks for use by security
         frameworks (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add a client authentication hook (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Modify <filename>contrib</> modules and procedural
       languages to install via the new <link
       linkend="extend-extensions">extension</link> mechanism (Tom Lane,
       Dimitri Fontaine)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="file-fdw"><filename>contrib/file_fdw</></link>
       foreign-data wrapper (Shigeru Hanada)
      </para>

      <para>
       Foreign tables using this foreign data wrapper can read flat files
       in a manner very similar to <command>COPY</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add nearest-neighbor search support to <link
        linkend="pgtrgm"><filename>contrib/pg_trgm</></link> and <link
        linkend="btree-gist"><filename>contrib/btree_gist</></link>
        (Teodor Sigaev)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="btree-gist"><filename>contrib/btree_gist</></link>
        support for searching on not-equals (Jeff Davis)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Fix <link
        linkend="fuzzystrmatch"><filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</></link>'s
        <function>levenshtein()</> function to handle multibyte characters
        (Alexander Korotkov)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add <function>ssl_cipher()</> and <function>ssl_version()</>
        functions to <link
        linkend="sslinfo"><filename>contrib/sslinfo</></link> (Robert
        Haas)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>
       and <link linkend="hstore"><filename>contrib/hstore</></link>
       to give consistent results with indexed empty arrays (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously an empty-array query that used an index might return
       different results from one that used a sequential scan.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>
       to work properly on multidimensional arrays (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In
       <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>,
       avoid errors complaining about the presence of nulls in cases where no
       nulls are actually present (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In
       <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>,
       fix behavior of containment operators with respect to empty arrays
       (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Empty arrays are now correctly considered to be contained in any other
       array.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Remove <link linkend="xml2"><filename>contrib/xml2</></link>'s
       arbitrary limit on the number of
       <replaceable>parameter</>=<replaceable>value</> pairs that can be
       handled by <function>xslt_process()</> (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       The previous limit was 10.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In <link linkend="pageinspect"><filename>contrib/pageinspect</></link>,
       fix heap_page_item to return infomasks as 32-bit values (Alvaro Herrera)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids returning negative values, which was confusing.  The
       underlying value is a 16-bit unsigned integer.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Security</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="sepgsql"><filename>contrib/sepgsql</></link>
        to interface permission checks with <acronym>SELinux</> (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This uses the new <link
        linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY LABEL</></link>
        facility.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add contrib module <link
        linkend="auth-delay"><filename>auth_delay</></link> (KaiGai
        Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This causes the server to pause before returning authentication
        failure;  it is designed to make brute force password attacks
        more difficult.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="dummy-seclabel"><filename>dummy_seclabel</></link>
        contrib module (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is used for permission regression testing.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Performance</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add support for <literal>LIKE</> and <literal>ILIKE</> index
         searches to <link
         linkend="pgtrgm"><filename>contrib/pg_trgm</></link> (Alexander
         Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <function>levenshtein_less_equal()</> function to <link
         linkend="fuzzystrmatch"><filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</></link>,
         which is optimized for small distances (Alexander Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of index lookups on <link
        linkend="seg"><filename>contrib/seg</></link> columns (Alexander
        Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve performance of <link
         linkend="pgupgrade"><application>pg_upgrade</></link> for
         databases with many relations (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add flag to <link
         linkend="pgbench"><filename>contrib/pgbench</></link> to
         report per-statement latencies (Florian Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Fsync Testing</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Move <filename>src/tools/test_fsync</> to <link
         linkend="pgtestfsync"><filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</></link>
         (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>O_DIRECT</> support to <link
        linkend="pgtestfsync"><filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</></link>
        (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        This matches the use of <literal>O_DIRECT</> by <link
        linkend="guc-wal-sync-method"><varname>wal_sync_method</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add new tests to <link
         linkend="pgtestfsync"><filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</></link>
         (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Documentation</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Extensive <link linkend="ecpg"><application>ECPG</></link>
        documentation improvements (Satoshi Nagayasu)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Extensive proofreading and documentation improvements
        (Thom Brown, Josh Kupershmidt, Susanne Ebrecht)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add documentation for <link
       linkend="guc-exit-on-error"><varname>exit_on_error</></link>
       (Robert Haas)
      </para>

      <para>
       This parameter causes sessions to exit on any error.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add documentation for <link
       linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>pg_options_to_table()</></link>
       (Josh Berkus)
      </para>

      <para>
       This function shows table storage options in a readable form.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Document that it is possible to access all composite type
       fields using <link
       linkend="field-selection"><literal>(compositeval).*</></link>
       syntax (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Document that <link
       linkend="functions-string-other"><function>translate()</></link>
       removes characters in <literal>from</> that don't have a
       corresponding <literal>to</> character (Josh Kupershmidt)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Merge documentation for <command>CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER</> and <link
       linkend="SQL-CREATETRIGGER"><command>CREATE TRIGGER</></link>
       (Alvaro Herrera)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Centralize <link linkend="ddl-priv">permission</link> and <link
       linkend="upgrading">upgrade</link> documentation (Bruce Momjian)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="sysvipc-parameters">kernel tuning
       documentation</link> for Solaris 10 (Josh Berkus)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously only Solaris 9 kernel tuning was documented.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Handle non-ASCII characters consistently in <filename>HISTORY</> file
       (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>

      <para>
       While the <filename>HISTORY</> file is in English, we do have to deal
       with non-ASCII letters in contributor names.  These are now
       transliterated so that they are reasonably legible without assumptions
       about character set.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>
