diff --git a/bin/named/statschannel.c b/bin/named/statschannel.c
index 4a7662ea0c..8763f18cce 100644
--- a/bin/named/statschannel.c
+++ b/bin/named/statschannel.c
@@ -464,6 +464,10 @@ init_desc(void) {
 			"ClientQuota");
 	SET_RESSTATDESC(nextitem, "waited for next item", "NextItem");
 	SET_RESSTATDESC(priming, "priming queries", "Priming");
+	SET_RESSTATDESC(mismatchtcp,
+			"queries retried over TCP after a response with "
+			"mismatched query id",
+			"MismatchTCP");
 
 	INSIST(i == dns_resstatscounter_max);
 
diff --git a/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ans2/ans.py b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ans2/ans.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..365a6f22b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ans2/ans.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0.  If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+# information regarding copyright ownership.
+
+"""
+Authoritative server that simulates Kaminsky-style off-path spoofing on UDP:
+for every UDP query for trigger.example./A it sends one response with a
+deliberately flipped DNS message id.  A resolver that escalates to TCP on
+the first id mismatch will still get the correct answer over TCP, which
+this server serves normally.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+
+import dns.name
+import dns.rdatatype
+
+from isctest.asyncserver import (
+    AsyncDnsServer,
+    DnsProtocol,
+    DnsResponseSend,
+    QueryContext,
+    ResponseAction,
+    ResponseHandler,
+)
+
+
+class MismatchOnUdpHandler(ResponseHandler):
+    """
+    Spoof UDP queries for trigger.example./A with a properly-formed
+    response whose DNS message id does not match the request.  Answer
+    the same query normally on TCP using the zone data prepared by the
+    framework.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._trigger = dns.name.from_text("trigger.example.")
+
+    def match(self, qctx: QueryContext) -> bool:
+        return qctx.qname == self._trigger and qctx.qtype == dns.rdatatype.A
+
+    async def get_responses(
+        self, qctx: QueryContext
+    ) -> AsyncGenerator[ResponseAction, None]:
+        if qctx.protocol == DnsProtocol.UDP:
+            qctx.response.id = qctx.query.id ^ 0xFFFF
+            yield DnsResponseSend(qctx.response)
+        else:
+            yield DnsResponseSend(qctx.response)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    server = AsyncDnsServer()
+    server.install_response_handler(MismatchOnUdpHandler())
+    server.run()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ans2/example.db b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ans2/example.db
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47d0234e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ans2/example.db
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+; Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+;
+; SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+;
+; This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+; License, v. 2.0.  If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+; file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+;
+; See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+; information regarding copyright ownership.
+
+$TTL 300
+example.	SOA	ns.example. . 0 0 0 0 0
+example.	NS	ns.example.
+ns.example.	A	10.53.0.2
+trigger.example.	A	192.0.2.42
diff --git a/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ns1/named.conf.j2 b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ns1/named.conf.j2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f83cb2cbc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ns1/named.conf.j2
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0.  If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+ * information regarding copyright ownership.
+ */
+
+include "../../_common/rndc.key";
+
+controls {
+	inet 10.53.0.1 port @CONTROLPORT@ allow { any; } keys { rndc_key; };
+};
+
+options {
+	port @PORT@;
+	pid-file "named.pid";
+	listen-on { 10.53.0.1; };
+	listen-on-v6 { none; };
+	query-source address 10.53.0.1;
+	recursion yes;
+	dnssec-validation no;
+};
+
+zone "." {
+	type primary;
+	file "root.db";
+};
diff --git a/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ns1/root.db b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ns1/root.db
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ebebea094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/ns1/root.db
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+; Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+;
+; SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+;
+; This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+; License, v. 2.0.  If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+; file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+;
+; See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+; information regarding copyright ownership.
+
+$TTL 300
+.		SOA	. . 0 0 0 0 0
+.		NS	ns.nil.
+ns.nil.		A	10.53.0.1
+example.	NS	ns.example.
+ns.example.	A	10.53.0.2
diff --git a/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/tests_mismatchtcp.py b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/tests_mismatchtcp.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b904c0d106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/tests/system/mismatchtcp/tests_mismatchtcp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0.  If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+# information regarding copyright ownership.
+
+"""
+End-to-end check for the immediate UDP-to-TCP fallback on a query-id
+mismatch.
+
+The fake authoritative server at 10.53.0.2 answers every UDP query for
+trigger.example./A with a response whose DNS message id has been flipped.
+The resolver at 10.53.0.1 must escalate to TCP on the first such response
+and return the correct A record that the fake server serves over TCP.
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import dns.message
+import dns.rdatatype
+import pytest
+
+import isctest
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.extra_artifacts(
+    [
+        "ans*/ans.run",
+        "ns*/named.stats*",
+    ]
+)
+
+
+MISMATCH_LABEL = "mismatch responses received"
+MISMATCHTCP_LABEL = "queries retried over TCP after a response with mismatched query id"
+
+
+def _named_stats(ns1) -> str:
+    stats_path = Path(ns1.directory) / "named.stats"
+    if stats_path.exists():
+        stats_path.unlink()
+    ns1.rndc("stats")
+    return stats_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def _counter(stats: str, label: str) -> int:
+    for line in stats.splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line.endswith(label):
+            return int(line.split()[0])
+    return 0
+
+
+def test_mismatch_tcp_fallback(ns1):
+    """
+    Issue a single recursive query for a name whose UDP responses are
+    being spoofed.  The resolver must escalate to TCP on the first
+    near-miss and return the correct A record.
+    """
+    msg = dns.message.make_query("trigger.example.", dns.rdatatype.A, want_dnssec=False)
+    res = isctest.query.udp(msg, ns1.ip, timeout=10)
+    isctest.check.noerror(res)
+
+    answers = [rrset for rrset in res.answer if rrset.rdtype == dns.rdatatype.A]
+    assert answers, f"no A RRset in response: {res}"
+    addresses = {item.address for rrset in answers for item in rrset}
+    assert "192.0.2.42" in addresses, f"unexpected answer: {addresses}"
+
+
+def test_mismatch_counter(ns1):
+    """
+    After the spoofed exchange completes the resolver's existing
+    "mismatch responses received" counter must be non-zero, confirming
+    the dispatcher actually saw the wrong-id response, and the new
+    "queries retried over TCP after a response with mismatched query
+    id" counter must also be non-zero, confirming that the TCP
+    fallback path actually fired in response to that mismatch.
+    """
+    msg = dns.message.make_query("trigger.example.", dns.rdatatype.A, want_dnssec=False)
+    isctest.query.udp(msg, ns1.ip, timeout=10)
+
+    stats = _named_stats(ns1)
+    assert _counter(stats, MISMATCH_LABEL) > 0, stats
+    assert _counter(stats, MISMATCHTCP_LABEL) > 0, stats
diff --git a/lib/dns/dispatch.c b/lib/dns/dispatch.c
index 2755652a6c..98912a8191 100644
--- a/lib/dns/dispatch.c
+++ b/lib/dns/dispatch.c
@@ -584,13 +584,18 @@ udp_recv(isc_nmhandle_t *handle, isc_result_t eresult, isc_region_t *region,
 	}
 
 	/*
-	 * The QID and the address must match the expected ones.
+	 * The QID and the address must match the expected ones.  A
+	 * mismatch can happen during normal operation only when a stale
+	 * response from a previous query arrives late, which is rare in
+	 * practice; treat any mismatch as a possible spoofing attempt and
+	 * let the caller retry over TCP to prevent off-path spoofing.
 	 */
 	if (resp->id != id || !isc_sockaddr_equal(&peer, &resp->peer)) {
 		dispentry_log(resp, ISC_LOG_DEBUG(90),
 			      "response doesn't match");
 		inc_stats(disp->mgr, dns_resstatscounter_mismatch);
-		goto next;
+		eresult = DNS_R_MISMATCH;
+		goto done;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/lib/dns/include/dns/stats.h b/lib/dns/include/dns/stats.h
index 447ec95277..6807bb8f51 100644
--- a/lib/dns/include/dns/stats.h
+++ b/lib/dns/include/dns/stats.h
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ enum {
 	dns_resstatscounter_clientquota = 43,
 	dns_resstatscounter_nextitem = 44,
 	dns_resstatscounter_priming = 45,
-	dns_resstatscounter_max = 46,
+	dns_resstatscounter_mismatchtcp = 46,
+	dns_resstatscounter_max = 47,
 
 	/*
 	 * DNSSEC stats.
diff --git a/lib/dns/resolver.c b/lib/dns/resolver.c
index 6827eb2a21..363fda18a7 100644
--- a/lib/dns/resolver.c
+++ b/lib/dns/resolver.c
@@ -8170,6 +8170,22 @@ rctx_dispfail(respctx_t *rctx) {
 		rctx->finish = NULL;
 		rctx->no_response = true;
 		break;
+	case DNS_R_MISMATCH:
+		/*
+		 * The dispatcher saw a UDP response from the expected peer with
+		 * the wrong DNS message id.  Retry the same query over TCP.
+		 */
+		if ((rctx->retryopts & DNS_FETCHOPT_TCP) == 0) {
+			rctx->retryopts |= DNS_FETCHOPT_TCP;
+			rctx->resend = true;
+			rctx->next_server = false;
+			inc_stats(fctx->res, dns_resstatscounter_mismatchtcp);
+			FCTXTRACE3("mismatched response; retrying over TCP",
+				   rctx->result);
+			rctx_done(rctx, ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+			return ISC_R_COMPLETE;
+		}
+		break;
 	default:
 		break;
 	}
diff --git a/lib/isc/include/isc/result.h b/lib/isc/include/isc/result.h
index f9563e3df0..61afeb5f26 100644
--- a/lib/isc/include/isc/result.h
+++ b/lib/isc/include/isc/result.h
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ typedef enum isc_result {
 	DNS_R_NOSKRFILE,
 	DNS_R_NOSKRBUNDLE,
 	DNS_R_LOOPDETECTED,
+	DNS_R_MISMATCH,
 
 	DST_R_UNSUPPORTEDALG,
 	DST_R_CRYPTOFAILURE,
diff --git a/lib/isc/result.c b/lib/isc/result.c
index 29b8bc65f4..0c608deecd 100644
--- a/lib/isc/result.c
+++ b/lib/isc/result.c
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ static const char *description[ISC_R_NRESULTS] = {
 	[DNS_R_NOSKRFILE] = "no SKR file",
 	[DNS_R_NOSKRBUNDLE] = "no available SKR bundle",
 	[DNS_R_LOOPDETECTED] = "fetch loop detected",
+	[DNS_R_MISMATCH] = "response with mismatched query id",
 
 	[DST_R_UNSUPPORTEDALG] = "algorithm is unsupported",
 	[DST_R_CRYPTOFAILURE] = "crypto failure",
@@ -485,6 +486,7 @@ static const char *identifier[ISC_R_NRESULTS] = {
 	[DNS_R_NOSKRFILE] = "DNS_R_NOSKRFILE",
 	[DNS_R_NOSKRBUNDLE] = "DNS_R_NOSKRBUNDLE",
 	[DNS_R_LOOPDETECTED] = "DNS_R_LOOPDETECTED",
+	[DNS_R_MISMATCH] = "DNS_R_MISMATCH",
 
 	[DST_R_UNSUPPORTEDALG] = "DST_R_UNSUPPORTEDALG",
 	[DST_R_CRYPTOFAILURE] = "DST_R_CRYPTOFAILURE",
diff --git a/tests/dns/dispatch_test.c b/tests/dns/dispatch_test.c
index e8ff0ae3b8..fd271531fe 100644
--- a/tests/dns/dispatch_test.c
+++ b/tests/dns/dispatch_test.c
@@ -445,6 +445,41 @@ response_shutdown(isc_result_t eresult, isc_region_t *region ISC_ATTR_UNUSED,
 	test_dispatch_shutdown(test);
 }
 
+static void
+response_mismatch(isc_result_t eresult, isc_region_t *region ISC_ATTR_UNUSED,
+		  void *arg) {
+	test_dispatch_t *test = arg;
+
+	assert_int_equal(eresult, DNS_R_MISMATCH);
+
+	test_dispatch_shutdown(test);
+}
+
+static void
+nameserver_mismatch(isc_nmhandle_t *handle, isc_result_t eresult,
+		    isc_region_t *region, void *arg ISC_ATTR_UNUSED) {
+	/*
+	 * Reply with a single response whose DNS message id has been
+	 * flipped; the dispatcher must escalate immediately rather than
+	 * waiting for a "correct" id to arrive.
+	 */
+	static unsigned char buf[16];
+	static isc_region_t resp;
+
+	if (eresult != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	memmove(buf, region->base, 12);
+	memset(buf + 12, 0, 4);
+	buf[0] ^= 0xff; /* flip id high byte */
+	buf[1] ^= 0xff; /* flip id low byte */
+	buf[2] |= 0x80; /* qr=1 */
+	resp.base = buf;
+	resp.length = sizeof(buf);
+	isc_nm_send(handle, &resp, server_senddone, NULL);
+}
+
 static void
 response_timeout(isc_result_t eresult, isc_region_t *region ISC_ATTR_UNUSED,
 		 void *arg) {
@@ -767,6 +802,47 @@ ISC_LOOP_TEST_IMPL(dispatch_getnext) {
 	dns_dispatch_connect(test->dispentry);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Verify that a UDP response carrying the wrong DNS message id causes the
+ * dispatcher to deliver DNS_R_MISMATCH to the response callback, instead
+ * of silently waiting for the correct id to arrive.
+ */
+ISC_LOOP_TEST_IMPL(dispatch_mismatch_tcp) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	test_dispatch_t *test = isc_mem_get(mctx, sizeof(*test));
+	*test = (test_dispatch_t){ 0 };
+
+	/* Server: replies with a single wrong-id response. */
+	result = isc_nm_listenudp(netmgr, ISC_NM_LISTEN_ONE, &udp_server_addr,
+				  nameserver_mismatch, NULL, &sock);
+	assert_int_equal(result, ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+
+	isc_loop_teardown(isc_loop_main(loopmgr), stop_listening, sock);
+
+	/* Client */
+	testdata.region.base = testdata.message;
+	testdata.region.length = sizeof(testdata.message);
+
+	result = dns_dispatchmgr_create(mctx, loopmgr, connect_nm,
+					&test->dispatchmgr);
+	assert_int_equal(result, ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+
+	result = dns_dispatch_createudp(test->dispatchmgr, &udp_connect_addr,
+					&test->dispatch);
+	assert_int_equal(result, ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+
+	result = dns_dispatch_add(
+		test->dispatch, isc_loop_main(loopmgr), 0, T_CLIENT_CONNECT,
+		&udp_server_addr, NULL, NULL, connected, client_senddone,
+		response_mismatch, test, &test->id, &test->dispentry);
+	assert_int_equal(result, ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+
+	testdata.message[0] = (test->id >> 8) & 0xff;
+	testdata.message[1] = test->id & 0xff;
+
+	dns_dispatch_connect(test->dispentry);
+}
+
 ISC_LOOP_TEST_IMPL(dispatch_sharedtcp) {
 	isc_result_t result;
 	test_dispatch_t *test = isc_mem_get(mctx, sizeof(*test));
@@ -811,6 +887,7 @@ ISC_TEST_ENTRY_CUSTOM(dispatch_timeout_tcp_connect, setup_test, teardown_test)
 ISC_TEST_ENTRY_CUSTOM(dispatch_tcp_response, setup_test, teardown_test)
 ISC_TEST_ENTRY_CUSTOM(dispatch_tls_response, setup_test, teardown_test)
 ISC_TEST_ENTRY_CUSTOM(dispatch_getnext, setup_test, teardown_test)
+ISC_TEST_ENTRY_CUSTOM(dispatch_mismatch_tcp, setup_test, teardown_test)
 ISC_TEST_LIST_END
 
 ISC_TEST_MAIN