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<chapter>
<title>Introduction </title>
<para>The Internet Domain Name System (<acronym>DNS</acronym>) consists of the syntax
to specify the names of entities in the Internet in a hierarchical
manner, the rules used for delegating authority over names, and the
system implementation that actually maps names to Internet
addresses. <acronym>DNS</acronym> data is maintained in a group of distributed
hierarchical databases.</para>
<sect1>
<title>Scope of Document</title>
<para>The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (<acronym>BIND</acronym>) implements an
Internet nameserver for a number of operating systems. This
document provides basic information about the installation and
care of the Internet Software Consortium (<acronym>ISC</acronym>) <acronym>BIND</acronym> version 9
software package for system administrators.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Organization of This Document</title>
<para>In this document, <emphasis>Section 1</emphasis> introduces
the basic <acronym>DNS</acronym> and <acronym>BIND</acronym> concepts. <emphasis>Section 2</emphasis>
describes resource requirements for running <acronym>BIND</acronym> in various
environments. Information in <emphasis>Section 3</emphasis> is
<emphasis>task-oriented</emphasis> in its presentation and is
organized functionally, to aid in the process of installing the
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 software. The task-oriented section is followed by
<emphasis>Section 4</emphasis>, which contains more advanced
concepts that the system administrator may need for implementing
certain options. Section 5 describes the <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 lightweight
resolver. The contents of <emphasis>Section 6</emphasis> are
organized as in a reference manual to aid in the ongoing
maintenance of the software. <emphasis>Section 7
</emphasis>addresses security considerations, and
<emphasis>Section 8</emphasis> contains troubleshooting help. The
main body of the document is followed by several
<emphasis>Appendices</emphasis> which contain useful reference
information, such as a <emphasis>Bibliography</emphasis> and
historic information related to <acronym>BIND</acronym> and the Domain Name
System.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Conventions Used in This Document</title>
<para>In this document, we use the following general typographic
conventions:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" frame = "all" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0"
colwidth = "3.000in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0"
colwidth = "2.625in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1">
<para><emphasis>To
describe:</emphasis></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1">
<para><emphasis>We use the style:</emphasis></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1">
<para>a pathname, filename, URL, hostname,
mailing list name, or new term or concept</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><filename>Italic</filename></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>literal user
input</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><userinput>Fixed Width Bold</userinput></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>variable user
input</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><optional>Fixed Width Italic</optional></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1"><para>program output</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><computeroutput>Fixed Width Bold</computeroutput></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The following conventions are used in descriptions of the
<acronym>BIND</acronym> configuration file:<informaltable colsep = "0" frame = "all" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.000in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.625in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para><emphasis>To
describe:</emphasis></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><emphasis>We use the style:</emphasis></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>keywords</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><literal>Sans Serif Bold</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>variables</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><varname>Sans Serif Italic</varname></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>"meta-syntactic"
information (within brackets when optional)</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><optional>Fixed Width Italic</optional></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>Command line
input</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><userinput>Fixed Width Bold</userinput></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>Program output</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><computeroutput>Fixed Width</computeroutput></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1"><para>Optional input</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><optional>Text is enclosed in square brackets</optional></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Discussion of Domain Name System (<acronym>DNS</acronym>) Basics and
<acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<para>The purpose of this document is to explain the installation
and basic upkeep of the <acronym>BIND</acronym> software package, and we begin by reviewing
the fundamentals of the domain naming system as they relate to <acronym>BIND</acronym>.
<acronym>BIND</acronym> consists of a <emphasis>nameserver</emphasis> (or "daemon")
called <command>named</command> and a <command>resolver</command> library.
The <acronym>BIND</acronym> server runs in the background, servicing queries on a well
known network port. The standard port for the User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), usually port 53,
is specified in<command> </command><filename>/etc/services</filename>.
The <emphasis>resolver</emphasis> is a set of routines residing
in a system library that provides the interface that programs can
use to access the domain name services.</para>
<sect2><title>Nameservers</title>
<para>A nameserver (NS) is a program that stores information about
named resources and responds to queries from programs called <emphasis>resolvers</emphasis> which
act as client processes. The basic function of an NS is to provide
information about network objects by answering queries.</para>
<para>With the nameserver, the network can be broken into a hierarchy
of domains. The name space is organized as a tree according to organizational
or administrative boundaries. Each node of the tree, called a domain,
is given a label. The name of the domain is the concatenation of
all the labels of the domains from the root to the current domain.
This is represented in written form as a string of labels listed
from right to left and separated by dots. A label need only be unique
within its domain. The whole name space is partitioned into areas
called <emphasis>zones</emphasis>, each starting at a domain and
extending down to the leaf domains or to domains where other zones
start. Zones usually represent administrative boundaries. For example,
a domain name for a host at the company <emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis> would
be:</para>
<para><systemitem class="systemname">ourhost.example.com</systemitem></para>
<para>where <systemitem class="systemname">com</systemitem> is the top level domain to which <systemitem class="systemname">ourhost.example.com</systemitem> belongs, <systemitem class="systemname">example</systemitem> is
a subdomain of <systemitem class="systemname">com</systemitem>, and <systemitem class="systemname">ourhost</systemitem> is the
name of the host.</para>
<para>The specifications for the domain nameserver are defined in
the RFC 1034, RFC 1035 and RFC 974. These documents can be found
in
<filename>/usr/src/etc/named/doc</filename> in 4.4BSD or are available
via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) from
<ulink
url="ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/">ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/</ulink> or via the Web at <ulink url="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/</ulink>.
(See Appendix C for complete information on finding and retrieving
RFCs.) It is also recommended that you read the related man pages: <command>named</command> and <command>resolver</command>.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Types of Zones</title>
<para>As we stated previously, a zone is a point of delegation in
the <acronym>DNS</acronym> tree. A zone consists of those contiguous parts of the domain
tree for which a domain server has complete information and over which
it has authority. It contains all domain names from a certain point
downward in the domain tree except those which are delegated to
other zones. A delegation point has one or more NS records in the
parent zone, which should be matched by equivalent NS records at
the root of the delegated zone.</para>
<para>To properly operate a nameserver, it is important to understand
the difference between a <emphasis>zone</emphasis> and a <emphasis>domain</emphasis>.</para>
<para>For instance, consider the <systemitem class="systemname">example.com</systemitem> domain
which includes names such as <systemitem class="systemname">host.aaa.example.com </systemitem>and <systemitem class="systemname">host.bbb.example.com</systemitem> even
though the <systemitem class="systemname">example.com</systemitem> zone includes only delegations
for the <systemitem class="systemname">aaa.example.com</systemitem> and <systemitem class="systemname">bbb.example.com</systemitem> zones.
A zone can map exactly to a single domain, but could also include
only part of a domain, the rest of which could be delegated to other
nameservers. Every name in the <acronym>DNS</acronym> tree is a <emphasis>domain</emphasis>,
even if it is <emphasis>terminal</emphasis>, that is, has no <emphasis>subdomains</emphasis>.
Every subdomain is a domain and every domain except the root is
also a subdomain. The terminology is not intuitive and we suggest
that you read RFCs 1033, 1034 and 1035 to gain a complete understanding
of this difficult and subtle topic.</para>
<para>Though <acronym>BIND</acronym> is a Domain Nameserver, it deals primarily in
terms of zones. The master and slave declarations in the <filename>named.conf</filename> file
specify zones, not domains. When you ask some other site if it is willing
to be a slave server for your <emphasis>domain</emphasis>, you are
actually asking for slave service for some collection of zones.</para>
<para>Each zone will have one <emphasis>primary master</emphasis> (also
called <emphasis>primary</emphasis>) server which loads the zone
contents from some local file edited by humans or perhaps generated
mechanically from some other local file which is edited by humans.
There there will be some number of <emphasis>slave</emphasis> (also
called <emphasis>secondary) </emphasis>servers, which load the zone
contents using the <acronym>DNS</acronym> protocol (that is, the secondary servers
will contact the primary and fetch the zone data using TCP). This
set of servers &mdash; the primary and all of its secondaries &mdash; should be
listed in the NS records in the parent zone and will constitute a <emphasis>delegation</emphasis>.
This set of servers must also be listed in the zone file itself,
usually under the <command>@</command> name which indicates the <emphasis>top
level</emphasis> or <emphasis>root</emphasis> of the current zone.
You can list servers in the zone's top-level <command>@</command> NS
records that are not in the parent's NS delegation, but you cannot
list servers in the parent's delegation that are not present in
the zone's <command>@</command>.</para>
<para>Any servers listed in the NS records must be configured as <emphasis>authoritative</emphasis> for
the zone. A server is authoritative for a zone when it has been
configured to answer questions for that zone with authority, which
it does by setting the "authoritative answer" (AA) bit in reply
packets. A server may be authoritative for more than one zone. The
authoritative data for a zone is composed of all of the Resource
Records (RRs) &mdash; the data associated with names in a tree-structured
name space &mdash; attached to all of the nodes from the top node of the
zone down to leaf nodes or nodes above cuts around the bottom edge
of the zone.</para>
<para>Adding a zone as a type master or type slave will tell the
server to answer questions for the zone authoritatively. If the
server is able to load the zone into memory without any errors it
will set the AA bit when it replies to queries for the zone. See
RFCs 1034 and 1035 for more information about the AA bit.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Servers</title>
<para>A <acronym>DNS</acronym> server can be master for some zones and slave for others
or can be only a master, or only a slave, or can serve no zones
and just answer queries via its <emphasis>cache</emphasis>. Master
servers are often also called <emphasis>primaries</emphasis> and
slave servers are often also called <emphasis>secondaries</emphasis>.
Both master/primary and slave/secondary servers are authoritative
for a zone.</para>
<para>All servers keep data in their cache until the data expires,
based on a Time To Live (TTL) field which is maintained for all
resource records.</para>
<sect3><title>Master Server</title>
<para>The <emphasis>primary master server</emphasis> is the ultimate
source of information about a domain. The primary master is an authoritative
server configured to be the source of zone transfer for one or more
secondary servers. The primary master server obtains data for the
zone from a file on disk.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Slave Server </title>
<para>A <emphasis>slave server</emphasis>, also called a <emphasis>secondary
server</emphasis>, is an authoritative server that uses zone transfers from
the primary master server to retrieve the zone data. Optionally,
the slave server obtains zone data from a cache on disk. Slave servers
provide necessary redundancy. All secondary/slave servers are named
in the NS RRs for the zone.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Caching Only Server</title>
<para>Some servers are <emphasis>caching only servers</emphasis>.
This means that the server caches the information that it receives
and uses it until the data expires. A caching only server is a server
that is not authoritative for any zone. This server services queries
and asks other servers, who have the authority, for the information
it needs.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Forwarding Server</title>
<para>Instead of interacting with the nameservers for the root and
other domains, a <emphasis>forwarding server</emphasis> always forwards
queries it cannot satisfy from its authoritative data or cache to
a fixed list of other servers. The forwarded queries are also known
as <emphasis>recursive queries</emphasis>, the same type as a client would
send to a server. There may be one or more servers forwarded to,
and they are queried in turn until the list is exhausted or an answer
is found. A forwarding server is typically used when you do not
wish all the servers at a given site to interact with the rest of
the Internet servers. A typical scenario would involve a number
of internal <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers and an Internet firewall. Servers unable
to pass packets through the firewall would forward to the server
that can do it, and that server would query the Internet <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers
on the internal server's behalf. An added benefit of using the forwarding
feature is that the central machine develops a much more complete
cache of information that all the workstations can take advantage
of.</para>
<para>There is no prohibition against declaring a server to be a
forwarder even though it has master and/or slave zones as well;
the effect will still be that anything in the local server's cache
or zones will be answered, and anything else will be forwarded using
the forwarders list.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Stealth Server</title>
<para>A <emphasis>stealth server</emphasis> is a server that answers
authoritatively for a zone, but is not listed in that zone's NS
records. Stealth servers can be used as a way to centralize distribution
of a zone, without having to edit the zone on a remote nameserver.
Where the master file for a zone resides on a stealth server in
this way, it is often referred to as a "hidden primary" configuration.
Stealth servers can also be a way to keep a local copy of a zone
for rapid access to the zone's records, even if all "official" nameservers
for the zone are inaccessible.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<chapter><title><acronym>BIND</acronym> Resource Requirements</title>
<sect1><title>Hardware requirements</title>
<para><acronym>DNS</acronym> hardware requirements have traditionally been quite modest.
For many installations, servers that have been pensioned off from
active duty have performed admirably as <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers.</para>
<para>The DNSSEC and IPv6 features of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 may prove to be quite
CPU intensive however, so organizations that make heavy use of these
features may wish to consider larger systems for these applications.
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 is now fully multithreaded, allowing full utilization of
multiprocessor systems for installations that need it.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>CPU Requirements</title>
<para>CPU requirements for <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 range from i486-class machines
for serving of static zones without caching, to enterprise-class
machines if you intend to process many dynamic updates and DNSSEC
signed zones, serving many thousands of queries per second.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Memory Requirements </title>
<para>The memory of the server has to be large enough to fit the
cache and zones loaded off disk. Future releases of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 will
provide methods to limit the amount of memory used by the cache,
at the expense of reducing cache hit rates and causing more <acronym>DNS</acronym>
traffic. It is still good practice to have enough memory to load
all zone and cache data into memory &mdash; unfortunately, the best way
to determine this for a given installation is to watch the nameserver
in operation. After a few weeks the server process should reach
a relatively stable size where entries are expiring from the cache as
fast as they are being inserted. Ideally, the resource limits should
be set higher than this stable size.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Nameserver Intensive Environment Issues</title>
<para>For nameserver intensive environments, there are two alternative
configurations that may be used. The first is where clients and
any second-level internal nameservers query a main nameserver, which
has enough memory to build a large cache. This approach minimizes
the bandwidth used by external name lookups. The second alternative
is to set up second-level internal nameservers to make queries independently.
In this configuration, none of the individual machines needs to
have as much memory or CPU power as in the first alternative, but
this has the disadvantage of making many more external queries,
as none of the nameservers share their cached data.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Supported Operating Systems</title>
<para>ISC <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 compiles and runs on the following operating
systems:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>IBM AIX 4.3</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Compaq Digital/Tru64 UNIX 4.0D</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>HP HP-UX 11</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>IRIX64 6.5</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Red Hat Linux 6.0, 6.1</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Sun Solaris 2.6, 7, 8 (beta)</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>FreeBSD 3.4-STABLE</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>NetBSD-current with "unproven" pthreads</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<chapter>
<title>Nameserver Configuration</title>
<para>In this section we provide some suggested configurations along
with guidelines for their use. We also address the topic of reasonable
option setting.</para>
<sect1>
<title id="sample_configuration">Sample Configurations</title>
<sect2>
<title>A Caching-only Nameserver</title>
<para>The following sample configuration is appropriate for a caching-only
name server for use by clients internal to a corporation. All queries
from outside clients are refused.</para>
<programlisting>
// Two corporate subnets we wish to allow queries from.
acl "corpnets" { 192.168.4.0/24; 192.168.7.0/24; };
options {
directory "/etc/namedb"; // Working directory
pid-file "named.pid"; // Put pid file in working dir
allow-query { "corpnets"; };
};
// Root server hints
zone "." { type hint; file "root.hint"; };
// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "localhost.rev";
notify no;
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>An Authoritative-only Nameserver</title>
<para>This sample configuration is for an authoritative-only server
that is the master server for "<filename>example.com</filename>"
and a slave for the subdomain "<filename>eng.example.com</filename>".</para>
<programlisting>
options {
directory "/etc/namedb"; // Working directory
pid-file "named.pid"; // Put pid file in working dir
allow-query { any; }; // This is the default
recursion no; // Do not provide recursive service
};
// Root server hints
zone "." { type hint; file "root.hint"; };
// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "localhost.rev";
notify no;
};
// We are the master server for example.com
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "example.com.db";
// IP addresses of slave servers allowed to transfer example.com
allow-transfer {
192.168.4.14;
192.168.5.53;
};
};
// We are a slave server for eng.example.com
zone "eng.example.com" {
type slave;
file "eng.example.com.bk";
// IP address of eng.example.com master server
masters { 192.168.4.12; };
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Load Balancing</title>
<para>Primitive load balancing can be achieved in <acronym>DNS</acronym> using multiple
A records for one name.</para>
<para>For example, if you have three WWW servers with network addresses
of 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2 and 10.0.0.3, a set of records such as the
following means that clients will connect to each machine one third
of the time:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "5" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.875in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.500in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.750in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.750in"/>
<colspec colname = "5" colnum = "5" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.028in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>Name</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>TTL</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>CLASS</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>TYPE</para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para>Resource Record (RR) Data</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>www</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>600</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>10.0.0.1</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>600</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>10.0.0.2</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>600</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>10.0.0.3</literal></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>When a resolver queries for these records, <acronym>BIND</acronym> will rotate
them and respond to the query with the records in a different
order. In the example above, clients will randomly receive
records in the order 1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 1; and 3, 1, 2. Most clients
will use the first record returned and discard the rest.</para>
<para>For more detail on ordering responses, check the
<command>rrset-order</command> substatement in the
<command>options</command> statement, <xref
linkend="rrset_ordering"/>. This substatement is not supported in
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, and only the ordering scheme described above is
available.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title id="notify">Notify</title>
<para><acronym>DNS</acronym> Notify is a mechanism that allows master nameservers to
notify their slave servers of changes to a zone's data. In
response to a <command>NOTIFY</command> from a master server, the
slave will check to see that its version of the zone is the
current version and, if not, initiate a transfer.</para> <para><acronym>DNS</acronym>
Notify is fully documented in RFC 1996. See also the description
of the zone option <command>also-notify</command>, <xref
linkend="zone_transfers"/>. For more information about
<command>notify</command>, <xref
linkend="boolean_options"/>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Nameserver Operations</title>
<sect2>
<title>Tools for Use With the Nameserver Daemon</title>
<para>There are several indispensable diagnostic, administrative
and monitoring tools available to the system administrator for controlling
and debugging the nameserver daemon. We describe several in this
section </para>
<sect3>
<title>Diagnostic Tools</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>dig</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The domain information groper (<command>dig</command>) is
a command line tool that can be used to gather information from
the Domain Name System servers. Dig has two modes: simple interactive
mode for a single query, and batch mode which executes a query for
each in a list of several query lines. All query options are accessible
from the command line.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>dig</command>
<arg>@<replaceable>server</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>domain</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>query-type</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>query-class</replaceable></arg>
<arg>+<replaceable>query-option</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-<replaceable>dig-option</replaceable></arg>
<arg>%<replaceable>comment</replaceable></arg>
<!-- one of (SBR GROUP ARG COMMAND) -->
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>The usual simple use of dig will take the form</para>
<simpara><command>dig @server domain query-type query-class</command></simpara>
<para>For more information and a list of available commands and
options, see the <command>dig</command> man page.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>host</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <command>host</command> utility
provides a simple <acronym>DNS</acronym> lookup using a command-line interface for
looking up Internet hostnames. By default, the utility converts
between host names and Internet addresses, but its functionality
can be extended with the use of options.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<!-- one of (SBR GROUP ARG COMMAND) -->
<command>host</command>
<arg>-aCdlrTwv</arg>
<arg>-c <replaceable>class</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-N <replaceable>ndots</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-t <replaceable>type</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-W <replaceable>timeout</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-R <replaceable>retries</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>hostname</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>server</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>For more information and a list of available commands and
options, see the <command>host</command> man page.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>nslookup</command></term>
<listitem>
<para><command>nslookup</command> is a program used to query Internet
domain nameservers. <command>nslookup</command> has two modes: interactive
and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query nameservers
for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list
of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just
the name and requested information for a host or domain.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>nslookup</command>
<arg rep="repeat">-option</arg>
<group>
<arg><replaceable>host-to-find</replaceable></arg>
<arg>- <arg>server</arg></arg>
</group>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>Interactive mode is entered when no arguments are given (the
default nameserver will be used) or when the first argument is a
hyphen (`-') and the second argument is the host name or Internet address
of a nameserver.</para>
<para>Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address
of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. The
optional second argument specifies the host name or address of a nameserver.</para>
<para>Due to its arcane user interface and frequently inconsistent
behavior, we do not recommend the use of <command>nslookup</command>.
Use <command>dig</command> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Administrative Tools</title>
<para>Administrative tools play an integral part in the management
of a server.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command id="rndc">rndc</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The remote name daemon control
(<command>rndc</command>) program allows the system
administrator to control the operation of a nameserver.
If you run <command>rndc</command> without any options
it will display a usage message as follows:</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>rndc</command>
<arg>-c <replaceable>config</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-s <replaceable>server</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-p <replaceable>port</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-y <replaceable>key</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>command</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep="repeat"><replaceable>command</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para><command>command</command> is one of the following
for <command>named</command>:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1"
colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.500in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0"
colwidth = "3.000in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1">
<para><userinput>status</userinput><footnote id="nyi1">
<para>not yet implemented</para>
</footnote></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Display ps(1) status of named.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><userinput>dumpdb</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Dump database and cache to /var/tmp/named_dump.db.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><userinput>reload</userinput></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Reload configuration file and zones.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><userinput>stats</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Dump statistics to /var/tmp/named.stats.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><userinput>trace</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Increment debugging level by one.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1">
<para><userinput>notrace</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/>
</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Set debugging level to 0.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname =
"1"><para><userinput>querylog</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Toggle query logging.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname =
"1"><para><userinput>stop</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Stop the server.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname =
"1"><para><userinput>restart</userinput><footnoteref linkend="nyi1"/></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Restart the server.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>As noted above, <command>reload</command> is the
only command available for <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.0.0. The other
commands, and more, are planned to be implemented for
future releases.</para>
<para>A configuration file is required, since all
communication with the server is authenticated with
digital signatures that rely on a shared secret, and
there is no way to provide that secret other than with a
configuration file. The default location for the
<command>rndc</command> configuration file is
<filename>/etc/rndc.conf</filename>, but an alternate
location can be specified with the <option>-c</option>
option.</para>
<para>The format of the configuration file is similar to
that of <filename>named.conf</filename>, but limited to
only three statements, the <command>options{}</command>,
<command>key{}</command> and <command>server{}</command>
statements. These statements are what associate the
secret keys to the servers with which they are meant to
be shared. The order of statements is not
significant.</para>
<para>The <command>options{}</command> statement has two clauses: <command>default-server</command> and <command>default-key</command>. <command>default-server</command> takes a
host name or address argument and represents the server that will
be contacted if no <option>-s</option>
option is provided on the command line. <command>default-key</command> takes
the name of key as its argument, as defined by a <command>key{}</command> statement.
In the future a <command>default-port</command> clause will be
added to specify the port to which <command>rndc</command> should
connect.</para>
<para>The <command>key{}</command> statement names a key with its
string argument. The string is required by the server to be a valid
domain name, though it need not actually be hierarchical; thus,
a string like "<userinput>rndc_key</userinput>" is a valid name.
The <command>key{}</command> statement has two clauses: <command>algorithm</command> and <command>secret</command>.
While the configuration parser will accept any string as the argument
to algorithm, currently only the string "<userinput>hmac-md5</userinput>"
has any meaning. The secret is a base-64 encoded string, typically
generated with either <command>dnssec-keygen</command> or <command>mmencode</command>.</para>
<para>The <command>server{}</command> statement uses the key clause
to associate a <command>key{}</command>-defined key with a server.
The argument to the <command>server{}</command> statement is a
host name or address (addresses must be double quoted). The argument
to the key clause is the name of the key as defined by the <command>key{}</command> statement.
A <command>port</command> clause will be added to a future release
to specify the port to which <command>rndc</command> should connect
on the given server.</para>
<para>A sample minimal configuration file is as follows:</para>
<programlisting>
key rndc_key {
algorithm "hmac-md5";
secret "c3Ryb25nIGVub3VnaCBmb3IgYSBtYW4gYnV0IG1hZGUgZm9yIGEgd29tYW4K";
};
options {
default-server localhost;
default-key rndc_key;
};
</programlisting>
<para>This file, if installed as <filename>/etc/rndc.conf</filename>,
would allow the command:</para>
<para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>rndc reload</userinput></para>
<para>to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 953 and cause the nameserver
to reload, if a nameserver on the local machine were running with
following controls statements:</para>
<programlisting>
controls {
inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndc_key; };
};
</programlisting>
<para>and it had an identical key statement for
<literal>rndc_key</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Signals</title>
<para>Certain UNIX signals cause the name server to take specific
actions, as described in the following table. These signals can
be sent using the <command>kill</command> command.</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.125in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.000in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>SIGHUP</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Causes the server to read <filename>named.conf</filename> and
reload the database. </para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>SIGTERM</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Causes the server to clean up and exit.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1">
<para><command>SIGINT</command></para>
</entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Causes the server to clean up and exit.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<chapter>
<title>Advanced Concepts</title>
<sect1>
<title id="dynamic_update">Dynamic Update</title>
<para>Dynamic update is the term used for the ability under
certain specified conditions to add, modify or delete records or
RRsets in the master zone files. Dynamic update is fully described
in RFC 2136.</para>
<para>Dynamic update is enabled on a zone-by-zone basis, by
including an <command>allow-update</command> or
<command>update-policy</command> clause in the
<command>zone</command> statement.</para>
<para>Updating of secure zones (zones using DNSSEC) is modelled
after the <emphasis>simple-secure-update</emphasis> proposal, a
work in progress in the DNS Extensions working group of the IETF.
(See <ulink
url="http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsext-charter.html">http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsext-charter.html</ulink>
for information about the DNS Extensions working group.) SIG and
NXT records affected by updates are automatically regenerated by
the server using an online zone key. Update authorization is based
on transaction signatures and an explicit server policy.</para>
<para>The zone files of dynamic zones must not be edited by hand.
The zone file on disk at any given time may not contain the latest
changes performed by dynamic update. The zone file is written to
disk only periodically, and changes that have occurred since the
zone file was last written to disk are stored only in the zone's
journal (<filename>.jnl</filename>) file. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 currently does
not update the zone file when it exits as <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 does, so editing
the zone file manually is unsafe even when the server has been
shut down. </para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title id="incremental_zone_transfers">Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)</title>
<para>The incremental zone transfer (IXFR) protocol is a way for
slave servers to transfer only changed data, instead of having to
transfer the entire zone. The IXFR protocol is documented in RFC
1995. <xref linkend="proposed_standards"/></para>
<para>When acting as a master, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 supports IXFR for those zones
where the necessary change history information is available. These
include master zones maintained by dynamic update and slave zones
whose data was obtained by IXFR, but not manually maintained master
zones nor slave zones obtained by performing a full zone transfer
(AXFR).</para>
<para>When acting as a slave, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 will attempt to use IXFR unless
it is explicitly disabled. For more information about disabling
IXFR, see the description of the <command>request-ixfr</command> clause
of the <command>server</command> statement.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Split DNS</title>
<para>Setting up different views, or visibility, of DNS space to
internal and external resolvers is usually referred to as a <emphasis>Split
DNS</emphasis> setup. There are several reasons an organization
would want to set up its DNS this way.</para>
<para>One common reason for setting up a DNS system this way is
to hide "internal" DNS information from "external" clients on the
Internet. There is some debate as to whether or not this is actually useful.
Internal DNS information leaks out in many ways (via email headers,
for example) and most savvy "attackers" can find the information
they need using other means.</para>
<para>Another common reason for setting up a Split DNS system is
to allow internal networks that are behind filters or in RFC 1918
space (reserved IP space, as documented in RFC 1918) to resolve DNS
on the Internet. Split DNS can also be used to allow mail from outside
back in to the internal network.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a split DNS setup:</para>
<para>Let's say a company named <emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis> (example.com)
has several corporate sites that have an internal network with reserved
Internet Protocol (IP) space and an external demilitarized zone (DMZ),
or "outside" section of a network, that is available to the public.</para>
<para><emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis> wants its internal clients
to be able to resolve external hostnames and to exchange mail with
people on the outside. The company also wants its internal resolvers
to have access to certain internal-only zones that are not available
at all outside of the internal network.</para>
<para>In order to accomplish this, the company will set up two sets
of nameservers. One set will be on the inside network (in the reserved
IP space) and the other set will be on bastion hosts, which are "proxy"
hosts that can talk to both sides of its network, in the DMZ.</para>
<para>The internal servers will be configured to forward all queries,
except queries for <filename>site1.internal</filename>, <filename>site2.internal</filename>, <filename>site1.example.com</filename>,
and <filename>site2.example.com</filename>, to the servers in the
DMZ. These internal servers will have complete sets of information
for <filename>site1.example.com</filename>, <filename>site2.example.com</filename>,<emphasis> </emphasis><filename>site1.internal</filename>,
and <filename>site2.internal</filename>.</para>
<para>To protect the<filename> site1.interna</filename><emphasis>l</emphasis> and<emphasis> </emphasis><filename>site2.internal</filename> domains,
the internal nameservers must be configured to disallow all queries
to these domains from any external hosts, including the bastion
hosts.</para>
<para>The external servers, which are on the bastion hosts, will
be configured to serve the "public" version of the <filename>site1</filename> and <filename>site2.example.com</filename> zones.
This could include things such as the host records for public servers
(<filename>www.example.com</filename> and <filename>ftp.example.com</filename>),
and mail exchange (MX) records (<filename>a.mx.example.com</filename> and <filename>b.mx.example.com</filename>).</para>
<para>In addition, the public <filename>site1</filename> and <filename>site2.example.com</filename> zones
should have special MX records that contain wildcard (`*') records
pointing to the bastion hosts. This is needed because external mail
servers do not have any other way of looking up how to deliver mail
to those internal hosts. With the wildcard records, the mail will
be delivered to the bastion host, which can then forward it on to
internal hosts.</para>
<para>Here's an example of a wildcard MX record:</para>
<programlisting><literal>* IN MX 10 external1.example.com.</literal></programlisting>
<para>Now that they accept mail on behalf of anything in the internal
network, the bastion hosts will need to know how to deliver mail
to internal hosts. In order for this to work properly, the resolvers on
the bastion hosts will need to be configured to point to the internal
nameservers for DNS resolution.</para>
<para>Queries for internal hostnames will be answered by the internal
servers, and queries for external hostnames will be forwarded back
out to the DNS servers on the bastion hosts.</para>
<para>In order for all this to work properly, internal clients will
need to be configured to query <emphasis>only</emphasis> the internal
nameservers for DNS queries. This could also be enforced via selective
filtering on the network.</para>
<para>If everything has been set properly, <emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis>'s
internal clients will now be able to:</para>
<itemizedlist><listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames in the <systemitem class="systemname">site1</systemitem> and
<systemitem class="systemname">site2.example.com</systemitem> zones.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames in the <systemitem class="systemname">site1.internal</systemitem> and
<systemitem class="systemname">site2.internal</systemitem> domains.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames on the Internet.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Exchange mail with internal AND external people.</simpara></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>Hosts on the Internet will be able to:</para>
<itemizedlist><listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames in the <systemitem class="systemname">site1</systemitem> and
<systemitem class="systemname">site2.example.com </systemitem>zones.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Exchange mail with anyone in the <systemitem class="systemname">site1</systemitem> and
<systemitem class="systemname">site2.example.com</systemitem> zones.</simpara></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>Here is an example configuration for the setup we just
described above. Note that this is only configuration information;
for information on how to configure your zone files, <xref
linkend="sample_configuration"/></para>
<para>Internal DNS server config:</para>
<programlisting>
acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24;
};
acl externals { <varname>bastion-ips-go-here</varname>; };
options {
...
...
forward only;
forwarders { <varname>bastion-ips-go-here</varname>; }; // forward to external
servers
allow-transfer { none; }; // sample allow-transfer
(no one)
allow-query { internals; externals; }; // restrict
query access
allow-recursion { internals; }; // restrict recursion
...
...
};
zone "site1.example.com" { //
sample slave zone
type master;
file "m/site1.example.com";
forwarders { }; // do normal iterative
// resolution (do not forward)
allow-query { internals; externals; };
allow-transfer { internals; };
};
zone "site2.example.com" {
type slave;
file "s/site2.example.com";
masters { 172.16.72.3; };
forwarders { };
allow-query { internals; externals; };
allow-transfer { internals; };
};
zone "site1.internal" {
type master;
file "m/site1.internal";
forwarders { };
allow-query { internals; };
allow-transfer { internals; }
};
zone "site2.internal" {
type slave;
file "s/site2.internal";
masters { 172.16.72.3; };
forwarders { };
allow-query { internals };
allow-transfer { internals; }
};
</programlisting>
<para>External (bastion host) DNS server config:</para>
<programlisting>
acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24;
};
acl externals { bastion-ips-go-here; };
options {
...
...
allow-transfer { none; }; // sample allow-transfer
(no one)
allow-query { internals; externals; }; // restrict
query access
allow-recursion { internals; externals; }; // restrict
recursion
...
...
};
zone "site1.example.com" { //
sample slave zone
type master;
file "m/site1.foo.com";
allow-query { any; };
allow-transfer { internals; externals; };
};
zone "site2.example.com" {
type slave;
file "s/site2.foo.com";
masters { another_bastion_host_maybe; };
allow-query { any; };
allow-transfer { internals; externals; }
};
</programlisting>
<para>In the <filename>resolv.conf</filename> (or equivalent) on
the bastion host(s):</para>
<programlisting>
search ...
nameserver 172.16.72.2
nameserver 172.16.72.3
nameserver 172.16.72.4
</programlisting>
</sect1>
<sect1><title id="tsig">TSIG</title>
<para>This is a short guide to setting up Transaction SIGnatures
(TSIG) based transaction security in <acronym>BIND</acronym>. It describes changes
to the configuration file as well as what changes are required for
different features, including the process of creating transaction
keys and using transaction signatures with <acronym>BIND</acronym>.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> primarily supports TSIG for server to server communication.
This includes zone transfer, notify, and recursive query messages.
Resolvers based on newer versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 have limited support
for TSIG.</para>
<para>TSIG might be most useful for dynamic update. A primary
server for a dynamic zone should use access control to control
updates, but IP-based access control is insufficient. Key-based
access control is far superior, <xref
linkend="proposed_standards"/>. The <command>nsupdate</command>
program supports TSIG via the <option>-k</option> and
<option>-y</option> command line options.</para>
<sect2><title>Generate Shared Keys for Each Pair of Hosts</title>
<para>A shared secret is generated to be shared between <emphasis>host1</emphasis> and <emphasis>host2</emphasis>.
An arbitrary key name is chosen: "host1-host2.". The key name must
be the same on both hosts.</para>
<sect3><title>Automatic Generation</title>
<para>The following command will generate a 128 bit (16 byte) HMAC-MD5
key as described above. Longer keys are better, but shorter keys
are easier to read. Note that the maximum key length is 512 bits;
keys longer than that will be digested with MD5 to produce a 128
bit key.</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-keygen -a hmac-md5 -b 128 -n HOST host1-host2.</userinput></para>
<para>The key is in the file <filename>Khost1-host2.+157+00000.private</filename>.
Nothing directly uses this file, but the base-64 encoded string
following "<literal>Key:</literal>"
can be extracted from the file and used as a shared secret:</para>
<programlisting>Key: La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==</programlisting>
<para>The string "<literal>La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==</literal>" can
be used as the shared secret.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Manual Generation</title>
<para>The shared secret is simply a random sequence of bits, encoded
in base-64. Most ASCII strings are valid base-64 strings (assuming
the length is a multiple of 4 and only valid characters are used),
so the shared secret can be manually generated.</para>
<para>Also, a known string can be run through <command>mmencode</command> or
a similar program to generate base-64 encoded data.</para></sect3></sect2>
<sect2><title>Copying the Shared Secret to Both Machines</title>
<para>This is beyond the scope of DNS. A secure transport mechanism
should be used. This could be secure FTP, ssh, telephone, etc.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Informing the Servers of the Key's Existence</title>
<para>Imagine <emphasis>host1</emphasis> and <emphasis>host 2</emphasis> are
both servers. The following is added to each server's <filename>named.conf</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting>
key host1-host2. {
algorithm hmac-md5;
secret "La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==";
};
</programlisting>
<para>The algorithm, hmac-md5, is the only one supported by <acronym>BIND</acronym>.
The secret is the one generated above. Since this is a secret, it
is recommended that either <filename>named.conf</filename> be non-world
readable, or the key directive be added to a non-world readable
file that is included by <filename>named.conf</filename>.</para>
<para>At this point, the key is recognized. This means that if the
server receives a message signed by this key, it can verify the
signature. If the signature succeeds, the response is signed by
the same key.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Instructing the Server to Use the Key</title>
<para>Since keys are shared between two hosts only, the server must
be told when keys are to be used. The following is added to the <filename>named.conf</filename> file
for <emphasis>host1</emphasis>, if the IP address of <emphasis>host2</emphasis> is
10.1.2.3:</para>
<programlisting>
server 10.1.2.3 {
keys { host1-host2. ;};
};
</programlisting>
<para>Multiple keys may be present, but only the first is used.
This directive does not contain any secrets, so it may be in a world-readable
file.</para>
<para>If <emphasis>host1</emphasis> sends a message that is a response
to that address, the message will be signed with the specified key. <emphasis>host1</emphasis> will
expect any responses to signed messages to be signed with the same
key.</para>
<para>A similar statement must be present in <emphasis>host2</emphasis>'s
configuration file (with <emphasis>host1</emphasis>'s address) for <emphasis>host2</emphasis> to
sign non-response messages to <emphasis>host1</emphasis>.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>TSIG Key Based Access Control</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> allows IP addresses and ranges to be specified in ACL
definitions and
<command>allow-{ query | transfer | update } </command>directives.
This has been extended to allow TSIG keys also. The above key would
be denoted <command>key host1-host2.</command></para>
<para>An example of an allow-update directive would be:</para>
<programlisting>
allow-update { key host1-host2. ;};
</programlisting>
<para>This allows dynamic updates to succeed only if the request
was signed by a key named
"<command>host1-host2.</command>".</para> <para>The more
powerful <command>update-policy</command> statement <xref
linkend="dynamic_update_policies"/>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Errors</title>
<para>The processing of TSIG signed messages can result in
several errors. If a signed message is sent to a non-TSIG aware
server, a FORMERR will be returned, since the server will not
understand the record. This is a result of misconfiguration,
since the server must be explicitly configured to send a TSIG
signed message to a specific server.</para>
<para>If a TSIG aware server receives a message signed by an
unknown key, the response will be unsigned with the TSIG
extended error code set to BADKEY. If a TSIG aware server
receives a message with a signature that does not validate, the
response will be unsigned with the TSIG extended error code set
to BADSIG. If a TSIG aware server receives a message with a time
outside of the allowed range, the response will be signed with
the TSIG extended error code set to BADTIME, and the time values
will be adjusted so that the response can be successfully
verified. In any of these cases, the message's rcode is set to
NOTAUTH.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>TKEY</title>
<para><command>TKEY</command> is a mechanism for automatically
generating a shared secret between two hosts. There are several
"modes" of <command>TKEY</command> that specify how the key is
generated or assigned. <acronym>BIND</acronym> implements only one of these modes,
the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Both hosts are required to have
a Diffie-Hellman KEY record (although this record is not required
to be present in a zone). The <command>TKEY</command> process
must use signed messages, signed either by TSIG or SIG(0). The
result of <command>TKEY</command> is a shared secret that can be
used to sign messages with TSIG. <command>TKEY</command> can also
be used to delete shared secrets that it had previously
generated.</para>
<para>The <command>TKEY</command> process is initiated by a client
or server by sending a signed <command>TKEY</command> query
(including any appropriate KEYs) to a TKEY-aware server. The
server response, if it indicates success, will contain a
<command>TKEY</command> record and any appropriate keys. After
this exchange, both participants have enough information to
determine the shared secret; the exact process depends on the
<command>TKEY</command> mode. When using the Diffie-Hellman
<command>TKEY</command> mode, Diffie-Hellman keys are exchanged,
and the shared secret is derived by both participants.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>SIG(0)</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 partially supports DNSSEC SIG(0) transaction
signatures as specified in RFC 2535. SIG(0) uses public/private
keys to authenticate messages. Access control is performed in the
same manner as TSIG keys; privileges can be granted or denied
based on the key name.</para>
<para>When a SIG(0) signed message is received, it will only be
verified if the key is known and trusted by the server; the server
will not attempt to locate and/or validate the key.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 does not ship with any tools that generate SIG(0)
signed messages.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title id="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</title>
<para>Cryptographic authentication of DNS information is possible
through the DNS Security (<emphasis>DNSSEC</emphasis>) extensions,
defined in RFC 2535. This section describes the creation and use
of DNSSEC signed zones.</para>
<para>In order to set up a DNSSEC secure zone, there are a series
of steps which must be followed. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 ships with several tools
that are used in this process, which are explained in more detail
below. In all cases, the "<option>-h</option>" option prints a
full list of parameters.</para>
<para>There must also be communication with the administrators of
the parent and/or child zone to transmit keys and signatures. A
zone's security status must be indicated by the parent zone for a
DNSSEC capable resolver to trust its data.</para>
<para>For other servers to trust data in this zone, they must
either be statically configured with this zone's zone key or the
zone key of another zone above this one in the DNS tree.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Generating Keys</title>
<para>The <command>dnssec-keygen</command> program is used to
generate keys.</para>
<para>A secure zone must contain one or more zone keys. The
zone keys will sign all other records in the zone, as well as
the zone keys of any secure delegated zones. Zone keys must
have the same name as the zone, a name type of
<command>ZONE</command>, and must be usable for authentication.
It is recommended that zone keys be mandatory to implement a
cryptographic algorithm; currently the only key mandatory to
implement an algorithm is DSA.</para>
<para>The following command will generate a 768 bit DSA key for
the <filename>child.example</filename> zone:</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE child.example.</userinput></para>
<para>Two output files will be produced:
<filename>Kchild.example.+003+12345.key</filename> and
<filename>Kchild.example.+003+12345.private</filename> (where
12345 is an example of a key tag). The key file names contain
the key name (<filename>child.example.</filename>), algorithm (3
is DSA, 1 is RSA, etc.), and the key tag (12345 in this case).
The private key (in the <filename>.private</filename> file) is
used to generate signatures, and the public key (in the
<filename>.key</filename> file) is used for signature
verification.</para>
<para>To generate another key with the same properties (but with
a different key tag), repeat the above command.</para>
<para>The public keys should be inserted into the zone file with
<command>$INCLUDE</command> statements, including the
<filename>.key </filename>files.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Creating a Keyset</title>
<para>The <command>dnssec-makekeyset</command> program is used
to create a key set from one or more keys.</para>
<para>Once the zone keys have been generated, a key set must be
built for transmission to the administrator of the parent zone,
so that the parent zone can sign the keys with its own zone key
and correctly indicate the security status of this zone. When
building a key set, the list of keys to be included and the TTL
of the set must be specified, and the desired signature validity
period of the parent's signature may also be specified.</para>
<para>The list of keys to be inserted into the key set may also
included non-zone keys present at the top of the zone.
<command>dnssec-makekeyset</command> may also be used at other
names in the zone.</para>
<para>The following command generates a key set containing the
above key and another key similarly generated, with a TTL of
3600 and a signature validity period of 10 days starting from
now.</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-makekeyset -t 3600 -e +86400 Kchild.example.+003+12345 Kchild.example.+003+23456</userinput></para>
<para>One output file is produced:
<filename>child.example.keyset</filename>. This file should be
transmitted to the parent to be signed. It includes the keys,
as well as signatures over the key set generated by the zone
keys themselves, which are used to prove ownership of the
private keys and encode the desired validity period.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Signing the Child's Keyset</title>
<para>The <command>dnssec-signkey</command> program is used to
sign one child's keyset.</para>
<para>If the <filename>child.example</filename> zone has any
delegations which are secure, for example,
<filename>grand.child.example</filename>, the
<filename>child.example</filename> administrator should receive
keyset files for each secure subzone. These keys must be signed
by this zone's zone keys.</para>
<para>The following command signs the child's key set with the
zone keys:</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-signkey grand.child.example.keyset Kchild.example.+003+12345 Kchild.example.+003+23456</userinput></para>
<para>One output file is produced:
<filename>grand.child.example.signedkey</filename>. This file
should be both transmitted back to the child and retained. It
includes all keys (the child's keys) from the keyset file and
signatures generated by this zone's zone keys.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Signing the Zone</title>
<para>The <command>dnssec-signzone</command> program is used to
sign a zone.</para>
<para>Any <filename>signedkey</filename> files corresponding to
secure subzones should be present, as well as a
<filename>signedkey</filename> file for this zone generated by
the parent (if there is one). The zone signer will generate
<literal>NXT</literal> and <literal>SIG</literal> records for
the zone, as well as incorporate the zone key signature from the
parent and indicate the security status at all delegation
points.</para>
<para>The following command signs the zone, assuming it is in a
file called <filename>zone.child.example</filename>. By
default, all zone keys which have an available private key are
used to generate signatures.</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-signzone -o child.example zone.child.example</userinput></para>
<para>One output file is produced:
<filename>zone.child.example.signed</filename>. This file
should be referenced by <filename>named.conf</filename> as the
input file for the zone.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Configuring Servers</title>
<para>Unlike in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8, data is not verified on load in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9,
so zone keys for authoritative zones do not need to be specified
in the configuration file.</para>
<para>The public key for any security root must be present in
the configuration file's <command>trusted-keys</command>
statement, as described later in this document. </para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>IPv6 Support in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 fully supports all currently defined forms of IPv6
name to address and address to name lookups. It will also use
IPv6 addresses to make queries when running on an IPv6 capable
system.</para>
<para>For forward lookups, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 supports both A6 and AAAA
records. The of AAAA records is deprecated, but it is still
useful for hosts to have both AAAA and A6 records to maintain
backward compatibility with installations where AAAA records are
still used. In fact, the stub resolvers currently shipped with
most operating system support only AAAA lookups, because following
A6 chains is much harder than doing A or AAAA lookups.</para>
<para>For IPv6 reverse lookups, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 supports the new
"bitstring" format used in the <emphasis>ip6.arpa</emphasis>
domain, as well as the older, deprecated "nibble" format used in
the <emphasis>ip6.int</emphasis> domain.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 includes a new lightweight resolver library and
resolver daemon which new applications may choose to use to avoid
the complexities of A6 chain following and bitstring labels,<xref
linkend="lightweight_resolver"/>.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Address Lookups Using AAAA Records</title>
<para>The AAAA record is a parallel to the IPv4 A record. It
specifies the entire address in a single record. For
example,</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example.com.
host 1h IN AAAA 3ffe:8050:201:1860:42::1
</programlisting>
<para>While their use is deprecated, they are useful to support
older IPv6 applications. They should not be added where they
are not absolutely necessary.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Address Lookups Using A6 Records</title>
<para>The A6 record is more flexible than the AAAA record, and
is therefore more complicated. The A6 record can be used to
form a chain of A6 records, each specifying part of the IPv6
address. It can also be used to specify the entire record as
well. For example, this record supplies the same data as the
AAAA record in the previous example:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example.com.
host 1h IN A6 0 3ffe:8050:201:1860:42::1
</programlisting>
<sect3>
<title>A6 Chains</title>
<para>A6 records are designed to allow network
renumbering. This works when an A6 record only specifies the
part of the address space the domain owner controls. For
example, a host may be at a company named "company." It has
two ISPs which provide IPv6 address space for it. These two
ISPs fully specify the IPv6 prefix they supply.</para>
<para>In the company's address space:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example.com.
host 1h IN A6 64 0:0:0:0:42::1 company.example1.net.
host 1h IN A6 64 0:0:0:0:42::1 company.example2.net.
</programlisting>
<para>ISP1 will use:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example1.net.
company 1h IN A6 0 3ffe:8050:201:1860::
</programlisting>
<para>ISP2 will use:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example2.net.
company 1h IN A6 0 1234:5678:90ab:fffa::
</programlisting>
<para>When <systemitem
class="systemname">host.example.com</systemitem> is looked up,
the resolver (in the resolver daemon or caching name server)
will find two partial A6 records, and will use the additional
name to find the remainder of the data.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>A6 Records for DNS Servers</title>
<para>When an A6 record specifies the address of a name
server, it should use the full address rather than specifying
a partial address. For example:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example.com.
@ 4h IN NS ns0
4h IN NS ns1
ns0 4h IN A6 0 3ffe:8050:201:1860:42::1
ns1 4h IN A 192.168.42.1
</programlisting>
<para>It is recommended that IPv4-in-IPv6 mapped addresses not
be used. If a host has an IPv4 address, use an A record, not
an A6, with <literal>::ffff:192.168.42.1</literal> as the
address.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Address to Name Lookups Using Nibble Format</title>
<para>While the use of nibble format to look up names is
deprecated, it is supported for backwards compatiblity with
existing IPv6 applications.</para>
<para>When looking up an address in nibble format, the address
components are simply reversed, just as in IPv4, and
<literal>ip6.int.</literal> is appended to the resulting name.
For example, the following would provide reverse name lookup for
a host with address
<literal>3ffe:8050:201:1860:42::1</literal>.</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN 0.6.8.1.1.0.2.0.0.5.0.8.e.f.f.3.ip6.int.
1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.2.4.0.0 4h IN PTR host.example.com.
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Address to Name Lookups Using Bitstring Format</title>
<para>Bitstring labels can start and end on any bit boundary,
rather than on a multiple of 4 bits as in the nibble
format. They also use <emphasis>ip6.arpa</emphasis> rather than
<emphasis>ip6.int</emphasis>.</para>
<para>To replicate the previous example using bitstrings:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN \[x3ffe805002011860/64].ip6.arpa.
\[x0042000000000001/64] 4h IN PTR host.example.com.
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Using DNAME for Delegation of IPv6 Reverse Addresses</title>
<para>In IPV6, the same host may have many addresses from many
network providers. Since the trailing portion of the address
usually remains constant, <command>DNAME</command> can help
reduce the number of zone files used for reverse mapping that
need to be maintained.</para>
<para>For example, consider a host which has two providers
(<systemitem class="systemname">example.net</systemitem> and
<systemitem class="systemname">example2.net</systemitem>) and
therefore two IPv6 addresses. Since the host chooses its own 64
bit host address portion, the provider address is the only part
that changes:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example.com.
host A6 64 ::1234:5678:1212:5675 cust1.example.net.
A6 64 ::1234:5678:1212:5675 subnet5.example2.net.
$ORIGIN example.net.
cust1 A6 48 0:0:0:dddd:: ipv6net.example.net.
ipv6net A6 0 aa:bb:cccc::
$ORIGIN example2.net.
subnet5 A6 48 0:0:0:1:: ipv6net2.example2.net.
ipv6net2 A6 0 6666:5555:4::
</programlisting>
<para>This sets up forward lookups. To handle the reverse lookups,
the provider <systemitem class="systemname">example.net</systemitem>
would have:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN \[x00aa00bbcccc/48].ip6.arpa.
\[xdddd/16] DNAME ipv6-rev.example.com.
</programlisting>
<para>and <systemitem
class="systemname">example2.net</systemitem> would have:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN \[x666655550004/48].ip6.arpa.
\[x0001/16] DNAME ipv6-rev.example.com.
</programlisting>
<para><systemitem class="systemname">example.com</systemitem>
needs only one zone file to handle both of these reverse
mappings:</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN ipv6-rev.example.com.
\[x1234567812125675/64] PTR host.example.com.
</programlisting>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<chapter><title id="lightweight_resolver">The <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 Lightweight Resolver</title>
<sect1><title>The Lightweight Resolver Library</title>
<para>Traditionally applications have been linked with a stub resolver
library that sends recursive DNS queries to a local caching name
server.</para>
<para>IPv6 introduces new complexity into the resolution process,
such as following A6 chains and DNAME records, and simultaneous
lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. These are hard or impossible
to implement in a traditional stub resolver.</para>
<para>Instead, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 provides resolution services to local clients
using a combination of a lightweight resolver library and a resolver
daemon process running on the local host. These communicate using
a simple UDP-based protocol, the "lightweight resolver protocol"
that is distinct from and simpler than the full DNS protocol.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Running a Resolver Daemon</title>
<para>To use the lightweight resolver interface, the system must
run the resolver daemon <command>lwresd</command>.</para>
<para>Applications using the lightweight resolver library will make
UDP requests to the IPv4 loopback address (127.0.0.1) on port 921.
The daemon will try to find the answer to the questions "what are the
addresses for host <systemitem class="systemname">foo.example.com</systemitem>?" and "what are
the names for IPv4 address 204.152.184.79?"</para>
<para>The daemon currently only looks in the DNS, but in the future
it may use other sources such as <literal>/etc/hosts</literal>,
NIS, etc.</para>
<para>The <command>lwresd</command> daemon is essentially a stripped-down,
caching-only name server that answers requests using the lightweight
resolver protocol rather than the DNS protocol. Because it needs
to run on each host, it is designed to require no or minimal configuration.
It uses the name servers listed on <command>nameserver</command> lines
in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> as forwarders, but is also
capable of doing the resolution autonomously if none are specified.</para></sect1></chapter>

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<chapter><title><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 Security Considerations</title>
<sect1><title id="Access_Control_Lists">Access Control Lists</title>
<para>Access Control Lists (ACLs), are address match lists that
you can set up and nickname for future use in <command>allow-query</command>, <command>allow-recursion</command>, <command>blackhole</command>, <command>allow-transfer</command>,
etc.</para>
<para>Using ACLs allows you to have finer control over who can access
your nameserver, without cluttering up your config files with huge
lists of IP addresses.</para>
<para>It is a <emphasis>good idea</emphasis> to use ACLs, and to
control access to your server. Limiting access to your server by
outside parties can help prevent spoofing and DoS attacks against
your server.</para>
<para>Here is an example of how to properly apply ACLs:</para>
<programlisting>
// Set up an ACL named "bogusnets" that will block RFC1918 space,
// which is commonly used in spoofing attacks.
acl bogusnets { 0.0.0.0/8; 1.0.0.0/8; 2.0.0.0/8; 192.0.2.0/24; 224.0.0.0/3; 10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; 192.168.0.0/16; };
// Set up an ACL called our-nets. Replace this with the real IP numbers.
acl our-nets { x.x.x.x/24; x.x.x.x/21; };
options {
...
...
allow-query { our-nets; };
allow-recursion { our-nets; };
...
blackhole { bogusnets; };
...
};
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "m/example.com";
allow-query { any; };
};
</programlisting>
<para>This allows recursive queries of the server from the outside
unless recursion has been previously disabled.</para>
<para>For more information on how to use ACLs to protect your server,
see the <emphasis>AUSCERT</emphasis> advisory at
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos">ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos</ulink></para></sect1>
<sect1><title><command>chroot</command> and <command>setuid</command> (for
UNIX servers)</title>
<para>On UNIX servers, it is possible to run <acronym>BIND</acronym> in a <emphasis>chrooted</emphasis> environment
(<command>chroot()</command>) by specifying the "<option>-t</option>"
option. This can help improve system security by placing <acronym>BIND</acronym> in
a "sandbox," which will limit the damage done if a server is compromised.</para>
<para>Another useful feature in the UNIX version of <acronym>BIND</acronym> is the
ability to run the daemon as a nonprivileged user ( <option>-u</option> <replaceable>user</replaceable> ).
We suggest running as a nonprivileged user when using the <command>chroot</command> feature.</para>
<para>Here is an example command line to load <acronym>BIND</acronym> in a <command>chroot()</command> sandbox,
<command>/var/named</command>, and to run <command>named</command> <command>setuid</command> to
user 202:</para>
<para><userinput>/usr/local/bin/named -u 202 -t /var/named</userinput></para>
<sect2><title>The <command>chroot</command> Environment</title>
<para>In order for a <command>chroot()</command> environment to
work properly in a particular directory (for example, <filename>/var/named</filename>),
you will need to set up an environment that includes everything
<acronym>BIND</acronym> needs to run. From <acronym>BIND</acronym>'s point of view, <filename>/var/named</filename> is
the root of the filesystem. You will need <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
and any library directories and files that <acronym>BIND</acronym> needs to run on
your system. Please consult your operating system's instructions
if you need help figuring out which library files you need to copy
over to the <command>chroot()</command> sandbox.</para>
<para>If you are running an operating system that supports static
binaries, you can also compile <acronym>BIND</acronym> statically and avoid the need
to copy system libraries over to your <command>chroot()</command> sandbox.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Using the <command>setuid</command> Function </title>
<para>Prior to running the <command>named</command> daemon, use
the <command>touch</command> utility (to change file access and
modification times) or the <command>chown</command> utility (to
set the user id and/or group id) on files to which you want <acronym>BIND</acronym>
to write.</para></sect2></sect1>
<sect1><title>Dynamic Updates</title>
<para>Access to the dynamic update facility should be strictly limited.
In earlier versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> the only way to do this was based on
the IP address of the host requesting the update. <acronym>BIND9</acronym> also
supports authenticating updates cryptographically by means of transaction
signatures (TSIG). The use of TSIG is strongly recommended.</para>
<para>Some sites choose to keep all dynamically updated DNS data
in a subdomain and delegate that subdomain to a separate zone. This
way, the top-level zone containing critical data such as the IP addresses
of public web and mail servers need not allow dynamic update at
all.</para></sect1></chapter>

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<chapter>
<title>Troubleshooting</title>
<sect1>
<title>Common Problems</title>
<sect2>
<title>It's not working; how can I figure out what's wrong?</title>
<para>The best solution to solving installation and
configuration issues is to take preventative measures by setting
up logging files beforehand (see the sample configurations in
<xref linkend="sample_configuration"/>). The log files provide a
source of hints and information that can be used to figure out
what went wrong and how to fix the problem.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Incrementing and Changing the Serial Number</title>
<para>Zone serial numbers are just numbers-they aren't date
related. A lot of people set them to a number that represents a
date, usually of the form YYYYMMDDRR. A number of people have been
testing these numbers for Y2K compliance and have set the number
to the year 2000 to see if it will work. They then try to restore
the old serial number. This will cause problems because serial
numbers are used to indicate that a zone has been updated. If the
serial number on the slave server is lower than the serial number
on the master, the slave server will attempt to update its copy of
the zone.</para>
<para>Setting the serial number to a lower number on the master
server than the slave server means that the slave will not perform
updates to its copy of the zone.</para>
<para>The solution to this is to add 2147483647 (2^31-1) to the
number, reload the zone and make sure all slaves have updated to
the new zone serial number, then reset the number to what you want
it to be, and reload the zone again.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Where Can I Get Help?</title>
<para>The Internet Software Consortium (<acronym>ISC</acronym>) offers a wide range
of support and service agreements for <acronym>BIND</acronym> and <acronym>DHCP</acronym> servers. Four
levels of premium support are available and each level includes
support for all <acronym>ISC</acronym> programs, significant discounts on products
and training, and a recognized priority on bug fixes and
non-funded feature requests. In addition, <acronym>ISC</acronym> offers a standard
support agreement package which includes services ranging from bug
fix announcements to remote support. It also includes training in
<acronym>BIND</acronym> and <acronym>DHCP</acronym>.</para>
<para>To discuss arrangements for support, contact
<ulink url="email:info@isc.org">info@isc.org</ulink> or visit the
<acronym>ISC</acronym> web page at <ulink
url="http://www.isc.org/services/support/">http://www.isc.org/services/support/</ulink>
to read more.</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<appendix>
<title>Appendices</title>
<sect1>
<title>Acknowledgements</title>
<sect2>
<title>A Brief History of the <acronym>DNS</acronym> and <acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<para>Although the "official" beginning of the Domain Name
System occurred in 1984 with the publication of RFC 920, the
core of the new system was described in 1983 in RFCs 882 and
883. From 1984 to 1987, the ARPAnet (the precursor to today's
Internet) became a testbed of experimentation for developing the
new naming/addressing scheme in an rapidly expanding,
operational network environment. New RFCs were written and
published in 1987 that modified the original documents to
incorporate improvements based on the working model. RFC 1034,
"Domain Names-Concepts and Facilities," and RFC 1035, "Domain
Names-Implementation and Specification" were published and
became the standards upon which all <acronym>DNS</acronym> implementations are
built.
</para>
<para>The first working domain name server, called "Jeeves," was
written in 1983-84 by Paul Mockapetris for operation on DEC Tops-20
machines located at the University of Southern California's Information
Sciences Institute (USC-ISI) and SRI International's Network Information
Center (SRI-NIC). A <acronym>DNS</acronym> server for Unix machines, the Berkeley Internet
Name Domain (<acronym>BIND</acronym>) package, was written soon after by a group of
graduate students at the University of California at Berkeley under
a grant from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration
(DARPA). Versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> through 4.8.3 were maintained by the Computer
Systems Research Group (CSRG) at UC Berkeley. Douglas Terry, Mark
Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou made up the initial <acronym>BIND</acronym>
project team. After that, additional work on the software package
was done by Ralph Campbell. Kevin Dunlap, a Digital Equipment Corporation
employee on loan to the CSRG, worked on <acronym>BIND</acronym> for 2 years, from 1985
to 1987. Many other people also contributed to <acronym>BIND</acronym> development
during that time: Doug Kingston, Craig Partridge, Smoot Carl-Mitchell,
Mike Muuss, Jim Bloom and Mike Schwartz. <acronym>BIND</acronym> maintenance was subsequently
handled by Mike Karels and O. Kure.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> versions 4.9 and 4.9.1 were released by Digital Equipment
Corporation (now Compaq Computer Corporation). Paul Vixie, then
a DEC employee, became <acronym>BIND</acronym>'s primary caretaker. Paul was assisted
by Phil Almquist, Robert Elz, Alan Barrett, Paul Albitz, Bryan Beecher, Andrew
Partan, Andy Cherenson, Tom Limoncelli, Berthold Paffrath, Fuat
Baran, Anant Kumar, Art Harkin, Win Treese, Don Lewis, Christophe
Wolfhugel, and others.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> Version 4.9.2 was sponsored by Vixie Enterprises. Paul
Vixie became <acronym>BIND</acronym>'s principal architect/programmer.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> versions from 4.9.3 onward have been developed and maintained
by the Internet Software Consortium with support being provided
by ISC's sponsors. As co-architects/programmers, Bob Halley and
Paul Vixie released the first production-ready version of <acronym>BIND</acronym> version
8 in May 1997.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> development work is made possible today by the sponsorship
of several corporations, and by the tireless work efforts of numerous
individuals.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title id="historical_dns_information">Historical <acronym>DNS</acronym> Information</title>
<sect2>
<title id="classes_of_resource_records">Classes of Resource Records</title>
<sect3>
<title>HS = hesiod</title>
<para>The <optional>hesiod</optional> class is an information service
developed by MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share information
about various systems databases, such as users, groups, printers
and so on. The keyword <command>hs</command> is a synonym for
hesiod.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>CH = chaos</title>
<para>The <command>chaos</command> class is used to specify zone
data for the MIT-developed CHAOSnet, a LAN protocol created in the
mid-1970s.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>General <acronym>DNS</acronym> Reference Information</title>
<sect2>
<title>IPv6 addresses (A6)</title>
<para>IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces and
sets of interfaces which were introduced in the <acronym>DNS</acronym> to facilitate
scalable Internet routing. There are three types of addresses: <emphasis>Unicast</emphasis>,
an identifier for a single interface; <emphasis>Anycast</emphasis>,
an identifier for a set of interfaces; and <emphasis>Multicast</emphasis>,
an identifier for a set of interfaces. Here we describe the global
Unicast address scheme. For more information, see RFC 2374.</para>
<para>The aggregatable global Unicast address format is as follows:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "6"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "1Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.477in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.501in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.523in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.731in"/>
<colspec colname = "5" colnum = "5" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.339in"/>
<colspec colname = "6" colnum = "6" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.529in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>3</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>13</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>8</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>24</para></entry>
<entry colname = "5" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>16</para></entry>
<entry colname = "6" rowsep = "1"><para>64 bits</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1"><para>FP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" colsep = "1"><para>TLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3" colsep = "1"><para>RES</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4" colsep = "1"><para>NLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "5" colsep = "1"><para>SLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para>Interface ID</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry nameend = "4" namest = "1"><para>&#60;------ Public Topology
------></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para>&#60;-Site Topology-></para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para>&#60;------ Interface Identifier ------></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>Where
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup
cols = "3" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.375in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.250in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.500in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>FP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Format Prefix (001)</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>TLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Top-Level Aggregation Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>RES</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Reserved for future use</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>NLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Next-Level Aggregation Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>SLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Site-Level Aggregation Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>INTERFACE ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Interface Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></para>
<para>The <emphasis>Public Topology</emphasis> is provided by the
upstream provider or ISP, and (roughly) corresponds to the IPv4 <emphasis>network</emphasis> section
of the address range. The <emphasis>Site Topology</emphasis> is
where you can subnet this space, much the same as subnetting an
IPv4 /16 network into /24 subnets. The <emphasis>Interface Identifier</emphasis> is
the address of an individual interface on a given network. (With
IPv6, addresses belong to interfaces rather than machines.)</para>
<para>The subnetting capability of IPv6 is much more flexible than
that of IPv4: subnetting can now be carried out on bit boundaries,
in much the same way as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR).</para>
<para>The internal structure of the Public Topology for an A6 global
unicast address consists of:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "4"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.506in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.662in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.556in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.825in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>3</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>13</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>8</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4" rowsep = "1"><para>24</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1"><para>FP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" colsep = "1"><para>TLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3" colsep = "1"><para>RES</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>NLA ID</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>A 3 bit FP (Format Prefix) of 001 indicates this is a global
Unicast address. FP lengths for other types of addresses may vary.</para>
<para>13 TLA (Top Level Aggregator) bits give the prefix of your
top-level IP backbone carrier.</para>
<para>8 Reserved bits</para>
<para>24 bits for Next Level Aggregators. This allows organizations
with a TLA to hand out portions of their IP space to client organizations,
so that the client can then split up the network further by filling
in more NLA bits, and hand out IPv6 prefixes to their clients, and
so forth.</para>
<para>There is no particular structure for the Site topology section.
Organizations can allocate these bits in any way they desire.</para>
<para>The Interface Identifier must be unique on that network. On
ethernet networks, one way to ensure this is to set the address
to the first three bytes of the hardware address, "FFFE", then the
last three bytes of the hardware address. The lowest significant
bit of the first byte should then be complemented. Addresses are
written as 32-bit blocks separated with a colon, and leading zeros
of a block may be omitted, for example:</para>
<para><command>3ffe:8050:201:9:a00:20ff:fe81:2b32</command></para>
<para>IPv6 address specifications are likely to contain long strings
of zeros, so the architects have included a shorthand for specifying
them. The double colon (`::') indicates the longest possible string
of zeros that can fit, and can be used only once in an address.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title id="Bibliography">Bibliography (and Suggested Reading)</title>
<sect2>
<title id="RFCs">Request for Comments (RFCs)</title>
<para>Specification documents for the Internet protocol suite, including
the <acronym>DNS</acronym>, are published as part of the Request for Comments (RFCs)
series of technical notes. The standards themselves are defined
by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Engineering
Steering Group (IESG). RFCs can be obtained online via FTP at
<ulink url="ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/">ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/RFC<replaceable>xxx</replaceable>.txt</ulink> (where <replaceable>xxx</replaceable> is
the number of the RFC). RFCs are also available via the Web at <ulink
url="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/</ulink>.</para>
<bibliography>
<bibliodiv>
<!-- one of (BIBLIOENTRY BIBLIOMIXED) -->
<title>Standards</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC974</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Partridge</surname>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Mail Routing and the Domain System</title>
<pubdate>January 1986</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1034</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
<firstname>P.V.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Domain Names &mdash; Concepts and Facilities</title>
<pubdate>November 1987</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1035</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
<firstname>P. V.</firstname>
</author> <title>Domain Names &mdash; Implementation and
Specification</title>
<pubdate>November 1987</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title id="proposed_standards">Proposed Standards</title>
<!-- one of (BIBLIOENTRY BIBLIOMIXED) -->
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2181</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Elz</surname>
<firstname>R., R. Bush</firstname>
</author>
<title>Clarifications to the <acronym>DNS</acronym> Specification</title>
<pubdate>July 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2308</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Andrews</surname>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Negative Caching of <acronym>DNS</acronym> Queries</title>
<pubdate>March 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1995</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Ohta</surname>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Incremental Zone Transfer in <acronym>DNS</acronym></title>
<pubdate>August 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1996</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<title>A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes</title>
<pubdate>August 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2136</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
<surname>Thomson</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Y.</firstname>
<surname>Rekhter</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>J.</firstname>
<surname>Bound</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System</title>
<pubdate>April 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2845</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>O.</firstname>
<surname>Gudmundsson</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
<surname>Eastlake</surname>
<lineage>3rd</lineage></author>
<author>
<firstname>B.</firstname>
<surname>Wellington</surname>
</author></authorgroup>
<title>Secret Key Transaction Authentication for <acronym>DNS</acronym> (TSIG)</title>
<pubdate>May 2000</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Proposed Standards Still Under Development</title>
<note>
<para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> the following list of
RFCs are undergoing major revision by the IETF.</para>
</note>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1886</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Thomson</surname>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
<surname>Huitema</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Extensions to support IP version 6</title>
<pubdate>December 1995</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2065</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Eastlake</surname>
<lineage>3rd</lineage>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
<surname>Kaufman</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Domain Name System Security Extensions</title>
<pubdate>January 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2137</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Eastlake</surname>
<lineage>3rd</lineage>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update</title>
<pubdate>April 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Other Important RFCs About <acronym>DNS</acronym> Implementation</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1535</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Gavron</surname>
<firstname>E.</firstname>
</author>
<title>A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely Deployed <acronym>DNS</acronym> Software.</title>
<pubdate>October 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1536</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Kumar</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>J.</firstname>
<surname>Postel</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
<surname>Neuman</surname></author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Danzig</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
<surname>Miller</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Implementation Errors and Suggested Fixes</title>
<pubdate>October 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1982</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Elz</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Bush</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Serial Number Arithmetic</title>
<pubdate>August 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Resource Record Types</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1183</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Everhart</surname>
<firstname>C.F.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>L. A.</firstname>
<surname>Mamakos</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Ullmann</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>New <acronym>DNS</acronym> RR Definitions</title>
<pubdate>October 1990</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1706</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Manning</surname>
<firstname>B.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Colella</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> NSAP Resource Records</title>
<pubdate>October 1994</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2168</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Daniel</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
<surname>Mealling</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Resolution of Uniform Resource Identifiers using
the Domain Name System</title>
<pubdate>June 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1876</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Davis</surname>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>T.</firstname>
<firstname>Goodwin</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>I.</firstname>
<surname>Dickinson</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>A Means for Expressing Location Information in the Domain
Name System</title>
<pubdate>January 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2052</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Gulbrandsen</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>A <acronym>DNS</acronym> RR for Specifying the Location of
Services.</title>
<pubdate>October 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2163</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Allocchio</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Using the Internet <acronym>DNS</acronym> to Distribute MIXER
Conformant Global Address Mapping</title>
<pubdate>January 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2230</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Atkinson</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Key Exchange Delegation Record for the <acronym>DNS</acronym></title>
<pubdate>October 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> and the Internet</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1101</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
<firstname>P. V.</firstname>
</author>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Encoding of Network Names and Other Types</title>
<pubdate>April 1989</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1123</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Braden</surname>
<surname>R.</surname>
</author>
<title>Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support</title>
<pubdate>October 1989</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1591</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Postel</surname>
<firstname>J.</firstname></author>
<title>Domain Name System Structure and Delegation</title>
<pubdate>March 1994</pubdate></biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2317</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Eidnes</surname>
<firstname>H.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>G.</firstname>
<surname>de Groot</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA Delegation</title>
<pubdate>March 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Operations</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1537</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Beertema</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Data File Configuration Errors</title>
<pubdate>October 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1912</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Barr</surname>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Operational and Configuration Errors</title>
<pubdate>February 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1912</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Barr</surname>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Operational and Configuration Errors</title>
<pubdate>February 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2010</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Manning</surname>
<firstname>B.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Operational Criteria for Root Name Servers.</title>
<pubdate>October 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2219</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Hamilton</surname>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Wright</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Use of <acronym>DNS</acronym> Aliases for Network Services.</title>
<pubdate>October 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Other <acronym>DNS</acronym>-related RFCs</title>
<note>
<para>Note: the following list of RFCs, although
<acronym>DNS</acronym>-related, are not concerned with implementing software.</para>
</note>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1464</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Rosenbaum</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Using the Domain Name System To Store Arbitrary String Attributes</title>
<pubdate>May 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1713</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Romao</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Tools for <acronym>DNS</acronym> Debugging</title>
<pubdate>November 1994</pubdate></biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1794</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Brisco</surname>
<firstname>T.</firstname>
</author>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Support for Load Balancing</title>
<pubdate>April 1995</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2240</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Vaughan</surname>
<firstname>O.</firstname></author>
<title>A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation</title>
<pubdate>November 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2345</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Klensin</surname>
<firstname>J.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>T.</firstname>
<surname>Wolf</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>G.</firstname>
<surname>Oglesby</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Domain Names and Company Name Retrieval</title>
<pubdate>May 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2352</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Vaughan</surname>
<firstname>O.</firstname>
</author>
<title>A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names</title>
<pubdate>May 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Obsolete and Unimplemented Experimental RRs</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1712</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Farrell</surname>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
<surname>Schulze</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
<surname>Pleitner</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
<surname>Baldoni</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Encoding of Geographical
Location</title>
<pubdate>November 1994</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
</bibliography>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title id="Internet_Drafts">Internet Drafts</title>
<para>Internet Drafts (IDs) are rough-draft working documents of
the Internet Engineering Task Force. They are, in essence, RFCs
in the preliminary stages of development. Implementors are cautioned not
to regard IDs as archival, and they should not be quoted or cited
in any formal documents unless accompanied by the disclaimer that
they are "works in progress." IDs have a lifespan of six months
after which they are deleted unless updated by their authors.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Other Documents About <acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<para></para>
<bibliography>
<biblioentry>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Albitz</surname>
<firstname>Paul</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Cricket</firstname>
<surname>Liu</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> and <acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<copyright>
<year>1998</year>
<holder>Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates</holder>
</copyright>
</biblioentry>
</bibliography>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</appendix>

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The BIND v9 ARM master document is now kept in DocBook XML format.
The entire ARM is in the single file:
Bv9ARM-book.xml
All of the other documents - HTML, PDF, etc - are generated from this
master source.
This file attempts to describe what tools are necessary for the
maintenance of this document as well as the generation of the
alternate formats of this document.
This file will also spend a very little time describing the XML and
SGML headers so you can understand a bit what you may need to do to be
able to work with this document in any fashion other than simply
editing it.
We will spend almost no time on the actual tags and how to write an
XML DocBook compliant document. If you are at all familiar with SGML
or HTML it will be very evident. You only need to know what the tags
are and how to use them. You can find a good resource either for this
either online or in printed form:
DocBook: The Definitive Guide
By Norman Walsh and Leonard Muellner
ISBN: 156592-580-7
1st Edition, October 1999
Copyright (C) 1999 by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
The book is available online in HTML format:
http://docbook.org/
and buried in:
http://www.nwalsh.com/docbook/defguide/index.html
A lot of useful stuff is at NWalsh's site in general. You may also
want to look at:
http://www.xml.com/
The BIND v9 ARM is based on the XML 4.0 DocBook DTD. Every XML and
SGML document begins with a prefix that tells where to find the file
that describes the meaning and structure of the tags used in the rest
of the document.
For our XML DocBook 4.0 based document this prefix looks like this:
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.0//EN"
"/usr/local/share/xml/dtd/docbook/docbookx.dtd">
This "DOCTYPE" statement has three parts, of which we are only using
two:
o The highest level term that represents this document (in this case
it is "book"
o The identifier that tells us which DTD to use. This identifier has
two parts, the "Formal Public Identifier" (or FPI) and the system
identifier. In SGML you can have either a FPI or a SYSTEM identifier
but you have to have at least one of them. In XML you have to have a
SYSTEM identifier.
FP & SYSTEM identifiers - These are names/lookups for the actual
DTD. The FPI is a globally unique name that should, on a properly
configured system, tell you exactly what DTD to use. The SYSTEM
identifier gives an absolute location for the DTD. In XML these are
supposed to be properly formatted URL's.
SGML has these things called "catalogs" that are files that map FPI's
in to actual files. A "catalog" can also be used to remap a SYSTEM
identifier so you can say something like: "http://www.oasis.org/foo"
is actually "/usr/local/share/xml/foo.dtd"
When you use various SGML/XML tools they need to be configured to look
at the same "catalog" files so that as you move from tool to tool they
all refer to the same DTD for the same document.
We will be spending most of our configuration time making sure our
tools use the same "catalog" files and that we have the same DTD's
installed on our machines. XML's requirement of the SYSTEM identifier
over the FPI will probably lead to more problems as it does not
guarantee that everyone is using the same DTD.
I did my initial work with the "sgmltools" the XML 4.0 DocBook DTD and
"jade" or "openjade."
HOW TO VALIDATE A DOCUMENT:
I use the sgmltools "nsgmls" document validator. Since we are using
XML we need to use the XML declarations, which are installed as part
of the modular DSSL style sheets:
nsgmls -sv /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/dtds/decls/xml.dcl \
Bv9ARM-book.xml
HOW TO RENDER A DOCUMENT AS HTML or TeX:
o Generate html doc with:
jade -d /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/html/docbook.dsl \
-t sgml \
-v /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/dtds/decls/xml.dcl \
Bv9ARM-book.xml
o Generate TeX documentation:
jade -d /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/print/docbook.dsl \
-t tex \
-v /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/dtds/decls/xml.dcl \
Bv9ARM-book.xml
You can see that I am using a DSSSL style sheet for DocBook. Actually
two different ones - one for rendering html, and one for 'print'
media.
To use the start of a nominum DSSSL style instead of the default one
(all it does is change the chunking to the chapter level and makes the
files end with ".html" instead of ".htm" so far) replace the:
-d /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/html/docbook.dsl
with
-d ./nominum-docbook-html.dsl
This style sheet will attempt to reference the one above.
I am currently working on fixing these up so that it works the same on
our various systems. The main trick is knowing which DTD's and DSSSL
stylesheets you have installed, installing the right ones, and
configuring a CATALOG that refers to them in the same way. We will
probably end up putting our CATALOG's in the same place and then we
should be able to generate and validate our documents with a minimal
number of command line arguments.
When running these commands you will get a lot of messages about a
bunch of general entities not being defined and having no default
entity. You can ignore those for now.
Also with the style sheets we have and jade as it is you will get
messages about "xref to title" being unsupported. You can ignore these
for now as well.

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<!DOCTYPE style-sheet PUBLIC "-//James Clark//DTD DSSSL Style Sheet//EN" [
<!ENTITY dbstyle SYSTEM "/usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/html/docbook.dsl" CDATA DSSSL>
]>
<style-sheet>
<style-specification use="docbook">
<style-specification-body>
<!-- ;; your stuff goes here... -->
(define %section-autolabel%
;; REFENTRY section-autolabel
;; PURP Are sections enumerated?
;; DESC
;; If true, unlabeled sections will be enumerated.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define %html-ext%
;; REFENTRY html-ext
;; PURP Default extension for HTML output files
;; DESC
;; The default extension for HTML output files.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
".html")
(define nochunks
;; REFENTRY nochunks
;; PURP Suppress chunking of output pages
;; DESC
;; If true, the entire source document is formatted as a single HTML
;; document and output on stdout.
;; (This option can conveniently be set with '-V nochunks' on the
;; Jade command line).
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#f)
(define rootchunk
;; REFENTRY rootchunk
;; PURP Make a chunk for the root element when nochunks is used
;; DESC
;; If true, a chunk will be created for the root element, even though
;; nochunks is specified. This option has no effect if nochunks is not
;; true.
;; (This option can conveniently be set with '-V rootchunk' on the
;; Jade command line).
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define html-index
;; REFENTRY html-index
;; PURP HTML indexing?
;; DESC
;; Turns on HTML indexing. If true, then index data will be written
;; to the file defined by 'html-index-filename'. This data can be
;; collated and turned into a DocBook index with bin/collateindex.pl.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define html-manifest
;; REFENTRY html-manifest
;; PURP Write a manifest?
;; DESC
;; If not '#f' then the list of HTML files created by the stylesheet
;; will be written to the file named by 'html-manifest-filename'.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define (chunk-element-list)
(list (normalize "preface")
(normalize "chapter")
(normalize "appendix")
(normalize "article")
(normalize "glossary")
(normalize "bibliography")
(normalize "index")
(normalize "colophon")
(normalize "setindex")
(normalize "reference")
(normalize "refentry")
(normalize "part")
(normalize "book") ;; just in case nothing else matches...
(normalize "set") ;; sets are definitely chunks...
))
</style-specification-body>
</style-specification>
<external-specification id="docbook" document="dbstyle">
</style-sheet>

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<!DOCTYPE style-sheet PUBLIC "-//James Clark//DTD DSSSL Style Sheet//EN" [
<!ENTITY dbstyle SYSTEM "/usr/local/share/sgml/docbook/dsssl/modular/html/docbook.dsl" CDATA DSSSL>
]>
<style-sheet>
<style-specification use="docbook">
<style-specification-body>
<!-- ;; your stuff goes here... -->
(define %section-autolabel%
;; REFENTRY section-autolabel
;; PURP Are sections enumerated?
;; DESC
;; If true, unlabeled sections will be enumerated.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define %html-ext%
;; REFENTRY html-ext
;; PURP Default extension for HTML output files
;; DESC
;; The default extension for HTML output files.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
".html")
(define nochunks
;; REFENTRY nochunks
;; PURP Suppress chunking of output pages
;; DESC
;; If true, the entire source document is formatted as a single HTML
;; document and output on stdout.
;; (This option can conveniently be set with '-V nochunks' on the
;; Jade command line).
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#f)
(define rootchunk
;; REFENTRY rootchunk
;; PURP Make a chunk for the root element when nochunks is used
;; DESC
;; If true, a chunk will be created for the root element, even though
;; nochunks is specified. This option has no effect if nochunks is not
;; true.
;; (This option can conveniently be set with '-V rootchunk' on the
;; Jade command line).
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define html-index
;; REFENTRY html-index
;; PURP HTML indexing?
;; DESC
;; Turns on HTML indexing. If true, then index data will be written
;; to the file defined by 'html-index-filename'. This data can be
;; collated and turned into a DocBook index with bin/collateindex.pl.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define html-manifest
;; REFENTRY html-manifest
;; PURP Write a manifest?
;; DESC
;; If not '#f' then the list of HTML files created by the stylesheet
;; will be written to the file named by 'html-manifest-filename'.
;; /DESC
;; AUTHOR N/A
;; /REFENTRY
#t)
(define (chunk-element-list)
(list (normalize "preface")
(normalize "chapter")
(normalize "appendix")
(normalize "article")
(normalize "glossary")
(normalize "bibliography")
(normalize "index")
(normalize "colophon")
(normalize "setindex")
(normalize "reference")
(normalize "refentry")
(normalize "part")
(normalize "book") ;; just in case nothing else matches...
(normalize "set") ;; sets are definitely chunks...
))
</style-specification-body>
</style-specification>
<external-specification id="docbook" document="dbstyle">
</style-sheet>